Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Section A......Page 12
1 Units, Mathematics and Physical Quantites......Page 14
1.1 International unit system......Page 16
1.2 Mathematics......Page 17
1.3 Physical quantities......Page 30
1.5 Electricity......Page 39
2 Electrotechnology......Page 46
2.1 Nomenclature......Page 48
2.2 Thermal effects......Page 51
2.3 Electrochemical effects......Page 55
2.4 Magnetic field effects......Page 57
2.5 Electric field effects......Page 64
2.6 electromagnetic field effects......Page 68
2.7 Electrical discharges......Page 70
3 Network Analysis......Page 76
3.2 Basic network analysis......Page 78
3.3 Power-system network analysis......Page 103
Section B Materials & Processes......Page 120
4 Fundamental Properties of Materials......Page 122
4.4 Electrically conducting materials......Page 124
4.5 Magnetic materials......Page 125
4.6 Dielectric materials......Page 127
4.7 Optical materials......Page 128
4.8 The plasmac state......Page 129
5 Conductors and Superconductors......Page 130
5.1 Conducting materials......Page 132
5.2 Superconductors......Page 138
6 Semiconductor, Thick and Thin-Film Microcircuits......Page 144
6.1 Silicon, silicon dioxide, thick- and thin-film technology......Page 146
6.2 Thick- and thin-film microcircuits......Page 148
7 Insulation......Page 154
7.1 Insulating materials......Page 156
7.2 Properties and testing......Page 157
7.3 Gaseous dielectrics......Page 161
7.4 Liquid dielectrics......Page 164
7.5 Semi-fluid and fusible materials......Page 166
7.6 Varnishes, enamels, paints and lacquers......Page 172
7.7 Solid dielectrics......Page 173
7.9 Irradiation effects......Page 183
7.10 Fundamentals of dielectric theory......Page 185
7.11 Polymeric insulation for high voltage outdoor applications......Page 188
8 Magnetic Materials......Page 190
8.2 Electrical steels including silicon steels......Page 192
8.3 Soft irons and relay steels......Page 194
8.4 Ferrites......Page 196
8.5 Nickel-iron alloys......Page 200
8.7 Permanent magnet materials......Page 202
9 Electroheat and Materials Processing......Page 208
9.2 Direct resistance heating......Page 210
9.3 Indirect resistance heating......Page 212
9.4 Electric ovens and furnaces......Page 216
9.5 Induction heating......Page 217
9.6 Metal melting......Page 222
9.7 Dielectric heating......Page 227
9.9 Plasma torches......Page 231
9.10 Semiconductor plasma processing......Page 233
9.11 Lasers......Page 237
10 Welding and Soldering......Page 246
10.1 Arc welding......Page 248
10.2 Resistance welding......Page 274
10.3 Fuses......Page 281
10.4 Contacts......Page 283
10.5 Special alloys......Page 287
10.6 Solders......Page 289
10.8 Temperature-sensitive bimetals......Page 290
10.9 Nuclear-reactor materials......Page 291
10.10 Amorphous materials......Page 294
Section C Control......Page 298
11 Electrical Measurement......Page 300
11.4 National and international measurement standards......Page 302
11.5 Direct-acting analyogue measuring instrucments......Page 303
11.6 Integrating (energy) metering......Page 308
11.7 Electronic instrumentation......Page 309
11.8 Oscilloscopes......Page 316
11.9 Potentiometers and bridges......Page 322
11.10 Measuring and protection transformers......Page 331
11.11 Magnetic measurements......Page 333
11.12 Transducers......Page 335
11.13 Data recording......Page 341
12 Industrial Instrumentation......Page 344
12.1 Introduction......Page 346
12.2 Temperature......Page 349
12.3 Flow......Page 352
12.4 Pressure......Page 359
12.5 Level transducers......Page 363
12.6 Position transducers......Page 367
12.7 Velocity and acceleration......Page 372
12.8 Strain gauges, loadcells and weighing......Page 374
12.9 Fieldbus systems......Page 378
12.10 Installation notes......Page 382
13 Control Systems......Page 384
13.2 Laplace transforms and the transfer function......Page 386
13.4 Feedback......Page 389
13.5 Generally desirable and acceptable behaviour......Page 390
13.6 Stability......Page 391
13.7 Classification of system and static accuracy......Page 392
13.8 Transient behaviour......Page 393
13.9 Root-locus method......Page 396
13.10 Frequency-response methods......Page 398
13.11 State-space description......Page 403
13.12 Sampled-data systems......Page 407
13.14 Sampler and zero-order hold......Page 408
13.15 Block diagrams......Page 409
13.16 Closed-loop systems......Page 410
13.18 Example......Page 411
13.20 Simulation......Page 413
13.21 Multivariable control......Page 416
13.22 Dealing with non-linear elements......Page 418
13.23 Distrubances......Page 425
13.24 Ratio control......Page 428
13.25 Transit delays......Page 430
13.26 Stability......Page 431
13.27 Industrial controllers......Page 435
13.28 Digital control algorithms......Page 440
13.29 Auto-tuners......Page 442
13.30 Practical tuning methods......Page 443
14 Digital Control Systems......Page 448
14.1 Introduction......Page 450
14.2 Logic families......Page 452
14.3 Combinational logic......Page 458
14.4 Storage......Page 466
14.5 Timers and monostables......Page 470
14.6 Arithmetic circuits......Page 471
14.7 Counters and shift registers......Page 474
14.8 Sequencing and event driven logic......Page 477
14.9 Analog interfacing......Page 480
14.10 Practical considerations......Page 481
14.11 Data sheet notations......Page 483
15 Microprocessors......Page 484
15.2 Structured design of programmable logic systems......Page 486
15.3 Microprogrammable systems......Page 489
15.4 Programmable systems......Page 491
15.5 Processor instruction sets......Page 497
15.6 Program structures......Page 500
15.7 Reduced instruction set computers (RISC)......Page 502
15.8 Software design......Page 504
15.9 Embedded systems......Page 506
16 Programmable Controllers......Page 510
16.1 Introduction......Page 512
16.2 The programmable controller......Page 515
16.3 Programming methods......Page 522
16.4 Numerics......Page 538
16.5 Distributed systems and fieldbus......Page 550
16.6 Graphics......Page 554
16.8 Safety......Page 557
Section D Power Electronics and Drives......Page 562
17 Power Semiconductor Devices......Page 564
17.1 Junction diodes......Page 567
17.2 Bipolar power transistors and Darlingtons......Page 570
17.3 Thyristors......Page 577
17.4 Schottky barrier diodes......Page 588
17.5 MOSFET......Page 590
17.6 The insualted gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)......Page 595
18 Electronic Power Conversion......Page 602
18.1 Electronic power conversion principles......Page 604
18.2 Switch-mode power supplies......Page 606
18.3 Dc-Ac conversion......Page 621
18.4 Ac-Dc conversion......Page 627
18.5 Ac/ac conversion......Page 635
18.6 Resonant techniques......Page 638
18.7 Modular systems......Page 640
18.8 Further reading......Page 644
19 Electrical Machine Drives......Page 646
19.2 Fundamental control requirements for electrical machines......Page 648
19.3 Drive power circuits......Page 654
19.4 Drive control......Page 667
19.5 Applications and drive selection......Page 673
19.6 electromagnetic compatibility......Page 678
20 Motor and Actuators......Page 680
20.2 Electromagnetic devices......Page 682
20.3 Industrial rotary and linear motors......Page 694
Section E Environment......Page 724
21 Lighting......Page 726
21.2 Quantities and units......Page 728
21.3 Photometric concepts......Page 729
21.4 Lighting design terminology......Page 731
21.5 Lamps......Page 733
21.6 Lighting design......Page 745
21.7 Design techniques......Page 752
21.8 Lighting applications......Page 754
22 Environmental Control......Page 758
22.2 Environmental comfort......Page 760
22.3 Energy requirements......Page 768
22.4 Heating and warm-air systems......Page 771
22.5 Control......Page 775
22.6 Energy conservation......Page 779
22.7 Interfaces and associated data......Page 781
23 Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 786
23.3 The EMC model......Page 788
23.4 EMC requirements......Page 790
23.7 Printed circuit boards......Page 791
23.9 Power supplies and power-line filters......Page 792
23.11 Enclosure design......Page 793
23.12 Interface cable connections......Page 794
23.14 System design......Page 796
23.16 Conformity assessment......Page 798
23.17 EMC testing and measurements......Page 799
23.18 Management plans......Page 800
24 Health and Safety......Page 802
24.1 The scope of electrical safety considerations......Page 804
24.2 The nature of electrical injuries......Page 807
24.3 Failure of electrical equipment......Page 810
25 Hazardous Area Technology......Page 814
25.1 A brief UK history......Page 816
25.2 General certification requirements......Page 817
25.4 Explosion protection concepts......Page 818
25.5 ATEX certification......Page 823
25.6 Global view......Page 824
25.7 Useful websites......Page 825
Section F Power Generation......Page 826
26 Prime Movers......Page 828
26.1 Steam generating plant......Page 830
26.2 Steam turbine plant......Page 833
26.3 Gas turbine plant......Page 843
26.4 Hydroelectric plant......Page 847
26.5 Diesel-engine plant......Page 856
27 Alternative Energy Sources......Page 870
27.1 Introduction......Page 872
27.2 Solar......Page 873
27.3 Marine energy......Page 875
27.4 Hydro......Page 878
27.5 Wind......Page 879
27.6 Geothermal energy......Page 881
27.7 Biofuels......Page 882
27.8 Direct conversion......Page 885
27.9 Fuel cells......Page 886
27.10 Heat pumps......Page 890
28 Alternating Current Generators......Page 902
28.1 Introduction......Page 904
28.2 Airgap flux and open-circuit......Page 905
28.3 Alternating current windings......Page 910
28.4 Coils and insulation......Page 912
28.5 Temperature rise......Page 917
28.6 Output equation......Page 918
28.7 Armature reaction......Page 921
28.8 Reactances and time constants......Page 923
28.9 Steady-state operation......Page 926
28.10 Synchronising......Page 928
28.11 Operating charts......Page 930
28.12 On-load excitation......Page 932
28.13 Sudden three-phase short circuit......Page 933
28.14 Excitation systems......Page 935
28.15 Turbogenerators......Page 942
28.17 Hydrogenerators......Page 947
28.18 Salient-pole generators other than hydrogenerators......Page 951
28.19 Synchronous compensators......Page 953
28.21 Standards......Page 954
29 Batteries......Page 962
29.2 Cells and batteries......Page 964
29.3 Primary cells......Page 965
29.4 Secondary cells and batteries......Page 968
29.5 Battery applications......Page 974
29.6 Anodising......Page 975
29.7 Electrodeposition......Page 977
29.8 Hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis......Page 978
Section G Transmission and Distribution......Page 982
30 Overhead lines......Page 984
30.2 Conductors and earth wires......Page 986
30.3 Conductor fittings......Page 990
30.4 Electrical characteristics......Page 991
30.5 Insulators......Page 993
30.6 Supports......Page 996
30.8 Loadings......Page 999
31 Cables......Page 1004
31.1 Introduction......Page 1006
31.2 Cable components......Page 1009
31.3 General wiring cables and flexible cords......Page 1014
31.4 Supply distribution cables......Page 1018
31.5 Transmission cables......Page 1026
31.6 Current-carrying capacity......Page 1033
31.7 Jointing and accessories......Page 1036
31.8 Cables fault location......Page 1038
32 HVDC......Page 1048
32.1 Introduction......Page 1050
32.2 Applications of HVDC......Page 1051
32.3 Principles of HVDC converters......Page 1052
32.4 Transmission arrangements......Page 1056
32.5 Converter station design......Page 1058
32.6 Insulation co-ordination of HVVDC converter stations......Page 1063
32.7 HVDC thyristor valves......Page 1066
32.8 Design of harmonic filters for HVDC converters......Page 1071
32.9 Reactive power considerations......Page 1076
32.10 Control of HVDC......Page 1077
32.11 Ac system damping controls......Page 1081
32.12 Interaction between ac and dc systems......Page 1082
32.13 Multiterminal HVDC systems......Page 1089
32.14 Future trends......Page 1091
33 Power Transformers......Page 1094
33.2 Magnetic circuits......Page 1096
33.3 Windigns and insulation......Page 1100
33.4 Connections......Page 1106
33.7 On-load tap changing......Page 1109
33.8 Cooling......Page 1111
33.9 Fittings......Page 1113
33.11 Auto-transformers......Page 1114
33.12 Special types......Page 1115
33.13 Testing......Page 1116
33.14 Maintenance......Page 1120
33.15 Surge protection......Page 1122
33.16 Purchasing specfications......Page 1123
34 Switchgear......Page 1124
34.1 Circuit-switching devices......Page 1126
34.2 Materials......Page 1142
34.3 Primary-circuit-protection devices......Page 1144
34.4 LV switchgear......Page 1148
34.5 HV secondary distribution switchgear......Page 1150
34.7 HV transmission switchgear......Page 1152
34.8 Generator switchgear......Page 1153
34.9 Switching conditions......Page 1154
34.10 Switchgear testing......Page 1157
34.13 Future developments......Page 1158
35 Protection......Page 1160
35.1 Overcurrent and earth leakage protection......Page 1162
35.2 Application of protective systems......Page 1179
35.3 Testing and commissioning......Page 1184
35.4 Overvoltage protection......Page 1186
36 Electromagnetic Transients......Page 1190
36.2 Basic concepts of transient analysis......Page 1192
36.3 Protection of system and equipment against transient overvoltage......Page 1196
36.4 Power system simulators......Page 1197
36.5 Waveforms associated with the electromagnetic transient phenomena......Page 1199
37 Optical Fibres in Power Systems......Page 1206
37.2 Optical fibre fundamentals......Page 1208
37.3 Optical fibre cables......Page 1213
37.4 British and International Standards......Page 1217
37.5 Optical fibre telemetry on overhead power lines......Page 1218
37.6 Power equipment monitoring with optical fibre sensors......Page 1220
38 Installation......Page 1224
38.2 Regulations and specfications......Page 1226
38.3 High-voltage supplies......Page 1227
38.5 Substations......Page 1228
38.6 Wiring systems......Page 1232
38.7 LIghting and small power......Page 1234
38.8 Floor trunking......Page 1235
38.11 Low-voltage switchgear and protection......Page 1236
38.12 Transformers......Page 1240
38.14 Earthing......Page 1242
38.15 Inspection and testing......Page 1246
Section H Power Systems......Page 1250
39 Power System Planning......Page 1252
39.1 The changing electricity supply industry (ESI)......Page 1254
39.2 Nature of an electrical power system......Page 1255
39.3 Types of generating plant and characteristics......Page 1258
39.6 Environmental sustainable planning......Page 1260
40 Power System Operation and Control......Page 1262
40.2 Objectives and requirements......Page 1264
40.3 System description......Page 1265
40.4 Data acquisition and telemetering......Page 1267
40.5 Decentralised control: excitation systems and control characteristics of synchronous machines......Page 1271
40.6 Decentralised control: electronic turbine controllers......Page 1285
40.7 Decentralised control: substation automation......Page 1297
40.8 Decentralised control: pulse controllers for voltage control with tap-changing transfomers......Page 1299
40.10 System operation......Page 1304
40.12 Distribtion automation and demand side management......Page 1305
40.13 Reliability considerations for system control......Page 1308
41 Reactive Power Plant and FACTS Controllers......Page 1312
41.2 Basic concepts......Page 1314
41.3 Variations of voltage with load......Page 1316
41.4 The management of vars......Page 1321
41.5 The development of FACTS controllers......Page 1322
41.6 Shunt compensation......Page 1330
41.7 Series compensation......Page 1341
41.8 Controllers with shunt and series components......Page 1345
41.9 Special aspects of var compensation......Page 1346
41.10 Future prospects......Page 1350
42 Electricity Economics and Trading......Page 1352
42.2 Summary of electricity pricing principles......Page 1354
42.3 Electricity markets......Page 1355
42.5 Reactive market......Page 1356
43 Power Quality......Page 1358
43.2 Definition of power quality terms......Page 1360
43.3 Sources of problems......Page 1361
43.6 Amerlioration of power quality problems......Page 1364
Section I Sectors of Electricity Use......Page 1368
44 Road Transport......Page 1370
44.1 Electrical equipment of road transport vehicles......Page 1372
44.2 Light rail transit......Page 1382
44.3 Battery vehicles......Page 1386
44.4 Road traffic control and information systems......Page 1391
45 Railways......Page 1396
45.1 Railway electrification......Page 1398
45.2 Diesel-electric traction......Page 1406
45.3 Systems, EMC and standards......Page 1408
45.4 Railway signalling and control......Page 1409
46 Ships......Page 1422
46.4 Dc installations......Page 1424
46.7 Machines and transformers......Page 1425
46.8 Switchgear......Page 1427
46.11 Steering gear......Page 1428
46.13 Lighting......Page 1429
46.18 Deck auxiliaries......Page 1430
46.19 Remote and automatic control systems......Page 1431
46.20 Tankers......Page 1433
46.24 Electric propulsion......Page 1434
47 Aircraft......Page 1440
47.2 Engine technology......Page 1442
47.3 Wing technology......Page 1443
47.5 Flight-control systems......Page 1445
47.6 Systems technology......Page 1446
47.7 Hydraulic systems......Page 1447
47.8 Air-frame mounted accessory drives......Page 1448
47.9 Electrohydraulic flight controls......Page 1450
47.11 Aircraft electric power......Page 1451
47.12 Summary of power systems......Page 1452
47.13 Environmental control system......Page 1453
47.14 Digital power-digital load management......Page 1456
48 Mining Applications......Page 1460
48.1 General......Page 1462
48.2 Power supplies......Page 1463
48.3 Winders......Page 1464
48.4 Underground transport......Page 1465
48.5 Coal-face layout......Page 1468
48.6 Power loaders......Page 1470
48.8 Flameproof and intrinsically safe equipment......Page 1471
48.9 Gate-end boxes......Page 1473
48.10 Flameproof motors......Page 1476
48.11 Cables, couplers, plugs and sockets......Page 1477
48.13 Underground lighting......Page 1479
48.14 Monitoring and control......Page 1480
49 Standards and Certification......Page 1482
49.1 Introduction......Page 1484
49.2 Organisations preparing electrical standards......Page 1486
49.3 The structure and application of standards......Page 1491
49.5 Sources of standards information......Page 1495