Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities

✍ Scribed by Evanthia A. Nanaki

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 270
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities uniquely examines different approaches to electric vehicle deployment in the context of smart cities. It provides a holistic picture of electromobility within urban areas, offering an integrated approach to city transportation systems by considering the energy systems, latest vehicle technologies, and transport infrastructure.

Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities addresses the interaction between grid infrastructure, vehicles, costs and benefits, and operational reliability within an integrated framework. The book examines the role electric vehicles play in the social and political aspects of climate change mitigation, as well as a renewable energy-based economy. It explains how electric vehicles and their system requirements work, including recharging techniques and infrastructures, and discusses alternative market deployment approaches.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 Sensing the energy scenery in the post COVID-era
1.2 The future of mobility
1.3 Motivation for the book
1.4 Aim and objectives of the book
1.5 Structure of the book
1.6 Concluding remarks
References
2 Electric vehicles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electric vehicle technologies
2.2.1 Key technologies of electric motors
2.2.2 Battery electric vehicles
2.2.3 Hybrid electric vehicles
2.2.3.1 Configuration
2.2.4 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
2.2.5 Fuel cell electric vehicles
2.3 Energy sources in electric vehicles
2.3.1 Energy storage unit
2.3.1.1 Batteries
2.3.1.2 Ultracapacitors
2.3.1.3 Flywheel energy storage
2.3.2 Energy generation unit
2.3.2.1 Fuel cell
2.3.2.2 Automotive thermoelectric generator
2.3.2.3 Regenerative braking
2.4 Current charging technology and available charging infrastructure worldwide
2.4.1 Electric vehicles charging technology
2.4.2 Charging power levels and infrastructure
2.4.3 Types of charging systems
2.4.3.1 Conductive charging
2.4.3.2 Inductive charging
2.4.3.3 Battery swapping
2.5 Impact of electric vehicles charging on electric power grid
2.6 Impact of vehicle to grid technology to power grid
2.7 Concluding remarks
List of abbreviations
References
3 Electric vehicle charging within smart cities
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The concept of the smart city
3.3 Charging infrastructure
3.3.1 Types of charging systems
3.3.2 Charging power levels
3.3.3 Standardization: Current trends
3.3.4 Communication protocols
3.4 Charging economics
3.5 Smart charging
3.5.1 Smart charging strategies
3.5.2 Smart grid
3.5.3 Vehicle-to-grid
3.5.3.1 Regulation services
3.5.3.2 Vehicle-to-grid—renewable energy sources
3.5.3.3 Vehicle-to-building
3.5.3.4 Vehicle-to-home
3.5.4 Challenges and issues in vehicle-to-grid technology
3.6 Case studies—worldwide projects
3.6.1 Smart charging in island systems
3.6.1.1 Smart energy management for autonomous isolated areas—the case study of Greek islands (implementation of hybrid ene...
3.7 Concluding remarks
References
4 Market introduction of electric vehicles to urban areas
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Business models
4.2.1 Business models in the automotive industry: The shift to business innovation
4.2.2 Business models for electric vehicles
4.2.3 Business models for electric vehicles: An integrated approach
4.2.3.1 Smart energy systems and digital technologies
4.2.3.2 Mobility services and energy needs
4.2.3.3 Electric vehicles
4.3 Integrated innovative business models for EVs (e-IIBMs): Implementation of a novel concept
4.4 Electric vehicles market overview
4.5 Factors influencing the adoption of electric vehicles in urban areas
4.5.1 Policy drivers for the implementation of electric vehicle business models in urban areas
4.6 Case studies of business models used for the deployment of electromobility in urban areas
4.6.1 Business to consumer leasing
4.6.2 Business to consumer sales or leasing with battery swapping
4.6.3 Electric vehicles car sharing
4.6.3.1 Electric vehicles car sharing projects and schemes around the world
4.6.4 Electric vehicle grid nexus business models
4.6.4.1 Frequency regulation business model
4.6.4.2 Reduction of peak load business model
4.6.4.3 Synergetic smart energy business models
4.6.4.4 Battery second use business model
4.7 Concluding remarks
References
5 Climate change mitigation and electric vehicles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transport as part of the energy system
5.3 Transport energy consumption
5.4 Emissions from the transportation sector
5.5 Electric vehicles and energy transition: major challenges to energy transition
5.6 Life cycle assessment
5.6.1 Life cycle assessment and electric vehicles
5.6.2 Life cycle assessment principles
5.6.3 Overview of a vehicle life cycle assessment stages
5.6.3.1 Functional unit
5.6.3.2 Production stage
5.6.3.3 Influencing factors of environmental impacts of electric vehicles production stage
5.6.3.4 Use stage
5.6.3.5 Electricity generation and associated emissions
5.6.3.6 Maintenance
5.6.3.7 End of Life stage
5.6.3.8 End of Life of batteries
5.6.3.9 End of Life of electric motors
5.7 Comparative life cycle assessment of a battery electric vehicles and an internal combustion engine vehicle—the case stu...
5.7.1 Goal and scope definition
5.7.2 Life cycle inventory
5.7.3 Results of comparative life cycle assessment
5.8 Concluding remarks
References
Further reading
6 Electric vehicle capitals – case studies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Global electric vehicle sales: a growing market
6.2.1 Charging infrastructure: recent developments
6.3 Electric vehicle adoption policies: recent developments
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 The Netherlands
6.4.1.1 Amsterdam
6.4.2 Spain
6.4.2.1 Barcelona
6.4.3 Norway
6.4.3.1 Oslo
6.4.4 United Kingdom
6.4.4.1 London
6.5 United States of America
6.5.1 California
6.5.1.1 Los Angeles
6.5.1.2 Silicon Valley—San Jose
6.5.2 New York City
6.5.3 Seattle, Washington
6.6 China
6.6.1 Beijing
6.6.2 Shanghai
6.6.3 Shenzhen
6.6.4 Tianjin
6.7 Japan
6.7.1 Goto Islands
6.7.2 Tokyo
6.8 Comparative analysis of cities
6.8.1 Electric vehicle sales and charging infrastructure availability
6.9 Concluding remarks
References
Index
Back Cover