Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Authors
Notation
PART I: Introduction to Distribution System Planning
Chapter 1: Distribution System Planning and Automation
1.1. Introduction
1.2. State-of-the-Art Update
1.3. Distribution System Planning
1.4. Factors Influencing System Planning
1.4.1. Load Forecasting
1.4.2. Substation Expansion
1.4.3. Substation Site Selection
1.4.4. Other Factors
1.5. Present Distribution System Techniques
1.6. Distribution System Planning Models
1.6.1. Enhancing Distribution System Planning through Optimization Algorithms
1.6.2. New Expansion Planning
1.6.3. Augmentation and Upgrades
1.6.4. Operational Planning
1.6.5. Benefits of Optimization Applications
1.7. Distribution System Planning in the Future
1.7.1. Economic Factors
1.7.2. Demographic Factors
1.7.3. Technological Factors
1.8. Future Establishment in Distribution Planning
1.8.1. Increasingly Changing Grid Dynamics
1.8.2. Impacts of Demand-Side Management
1.8.3. Cost/Benefit Ratio for Innovation
1.8.4. New Planning Tools
1.9. Embracing Evolving Technologies and Refined Models
1.9.1. System Approach
1.9.2. Leveraging Cloud Computing for Efficient Information Retrieval
1.9.3. Emerging Paradigms
PART II: Profiling Electrical Loads
Chapter 2: Load Characteristics
2.1. Introduction
2.2. State-of-the-Art Update
2.3. Basic Definitions
2.4. Relationship Between the Load and Loss Factors
2.5. Maximum Diversified Demand
2.6. Rate Structure
2.6.1. Customer Billing
2.6.2. Fuel Cost Adjustment
Chapter 3: Application of Distribution Transformers
3.1. Introduction
3.2. State-of-the-Art Update
3.3. Types of Distribution Transformers
3.4. Regulation
3.5. Transformer Efficiency
3.6. Terminal or Lead Markings
3.7. Transformer Polarity
3.8. Distribution Transformer Loading Guides
3.9. Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
3.10. Single Phase Transformer Connections
3.10.1. General
3.10.2. Single Phase Transformer Paralleling
3.11. Three-Phase Connections
3.11.1. ΞβΞ Transformer Connection
3.11.2. Open-Ξ Open-Ξ Transformer Connection
3.11.3. YβY Transformer Connection
3.11.4. YβΞ Transformer Connection
3.11.5. Open-Y Open-Ξ Transformer Connection
3.11.6. ΞβY Transformer Connection
3.12. Three Phase Transformers
PART III: Projecting Network Expansion
Chapter 4: Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Subtransmission
4.3. State-of-the-Art Update
4.4. Distribution Substations
4.5. Substation Bus Schemes
4.6. Substation Location
4.7. Rating of a Distribution Substation
4.8. General Case: Substation Service Area with n Primary Feeders
4.9. Comparison of the Four and Six Feeder Patterns
4.10. Derivation of the K Constant
4.11. Substation Application Curves
4.12. Interpretation of Percent Voltage Drop Formula
4.13. Capability of Facilities
Chapter 5: Design Considerations of Primary Systems
5.1. Introduction
5.2. State-of-the-Art Update
5.3. Radial-Type Primary Feeders
5.4. Loop-Type Primary Feeder
5.5. Primary Network
5.6. Primary-Feeder Voltage Levels
5.7. Primary-Feeder Loading
5.8. Tie Lines
5.9. Distribution Feeder Exit: Rectangular-Type Development
5.10. Radial-Type Development
5.11. Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load
5.12. Radial Feeders with Nonuniformly Distributed Load
5.13. Application of the A,B,C,D General Circuit Constants to Radial Feeders
5.14. Design of Radial Primary Distribution Systems
5.14.1. Overhead Primaries
5.14.2. Underground Residential Distribution
5.15. Primary System Costs
Chapter 6: Design Considerations of Secondary Systems
6.1. Introduction
6.2. State-of-the-Art Update
6.3. Secondary Voltage Levels
6.4. Present Design Practice
6.5. Secondary Banking
6.6. Secondary Networks
6.6.1. Secondary Mains
6.6.2. Limiters
6.6.3. Network Protectors
6.6.4. High-Voltage Switch
6.6.5. Network Transformers
6.6.6. Transformer Application Factor
6.7. Spot Networks
6.8. Economic Design of Secondaries
6.8.1. Patterns and Some of the Variables
6.8.2. Further Assumptions
6.8.3. General TAC Equation
6.8.4. Illustrating the Assembly of Cost Data
6.8.5. Illustrating the Estimation of Circuit Loading
6.8.6. Developed Total Annual Cost Equation
6.8.7. Minimization of the Total Annual Costs
6.8.8. Other Constraints
6.9. Unbalanced Load and Voltages
6.10. Secondary System Costs
Chapter 7: Voltage-Drop and Power-Loss Calculations
7.1. State-of-the-Art Review
7.2. Three-Phase Balanced Primary Lines
7.3. Non-Three-Phase Primary Lines
7.3.1. Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Ungrounded Neutral
7.3.2. Single-Phase Two-Wire Ungrounded Laterals
7.3.3. Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Multigrounded Common Neutrals
7.3.4. Two-Phase Plus Neutral (Open-Wye) Laterals
7.4. Four-Wire Multigrounded Common Neutral Distribution System
7.5. Percent Power (or Copper) Loss
7.6. Method to Analyze Distribution Costs
7.6.1. Annual Equivalent of Investment Costs
7.6.2. Annual Equivalent of Energy Cost
7.6.3. Annual Equivalent of Demand Cost
7.6.4. Levelized Annual Cost
7.7. Economic Analysis of Equipment Losses
PART IV: Regulating Voltage with/without Capacitance
Chapter 8: Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems
8.1. State-of-the-Art Review
8.2. Basic Definitions
8.3. Power Capacitors
8.4. Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors
8.4.1. Series Capacitors
8.4.2. Shunt Capacitors
8.5. Power Factor Correction
8.5.1. Impact and Capacitor Solutions
8.5.2. Concept of Leading and Lagging Power Factors
8.5.3. Economic Power Factor
8.5.4. Use of a Power Factor Correction Table
8.5.5. Alternating Cycles of a Magnetic Field
8.5.6. Power Factor of a Group of Loads
8.5.7. Practical Methods Used by the Power Industry for Power Factor Improvement Calculations
8.5.8. Real Power Limited Equipment
8.5.9. Computerized Method to Determine the Economic Power Factor
8.6. Application of Capacitors
8.6.1. Capacitor Installation Types
8.6.2. Types of Controls for Switched Shunt Capacitors
8.6.3. Types of Three-Phase Capacitor-Bank Connections
8.7. Economic Justification for Capacitors
8.7.1. Benefits due to Released Generation Capacity
8.7.2. Benefits due to Released Transmission Capacity
8.7.3. Benefits due to Released Distribution Substation Capacity
8.7.4. Benefits due to Reduced Energy Losses
8.7.5. Benefits to Reduced Voltage Drops
8.7.6. Benefits due to Released Feeder Capacity
8.7.7. Financial Benefits due to the Voltage Improvements
8.7.8. Total Financial Benefits due to the Capacitor Installations
8.8. Practical Procedure to Determine the Best Capacitor Location
8.9. Mathematical Procedure to Determine the Optimum Capacitor Allocation
8.9.1. Loss Reduction due to Capacitor Allocation
8.9.2. Optimum Location of a Capacitor Bank
8.9.3. Energy Loss Reduction due to Capacitors
8.9.4. Relative Ratings of Multiple Fixed Capacitors
8.9.5. General Savings Equation for any Number of Fixed Capacitors
8.10. Further Thoughts on Capacitors and Improving Power Factors
8.11. Capacitor Tank-Rupture Considerations
8.12. Dynamic Behavior of Distribution Systems
8.12.1. Ferroresonance
8.12.2. Harmonics on Distribution Systems
Chapter 9: Distribution System Voltage Regulation
9.1. State-of-the-Art Review
9.2. Basic Definitions
9.3. Quality of Service and Voltage Standards
9.4. Voltage Control
9.5. Feeder Voltage Regulators
9.6. Line-Drop Compensation
9.7. Distribution Capacitor Automation
9.8. Voltage Fluctuations
9.8.1. Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips due to a Single-Phase Motor Start
9.8.2. Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips due to a Three-Phase Motor Start
Appendix A: Impedance Tables for Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables
Appendix B: Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems
Appendix C: The per-Unit System
C.1. Introduction
C.2. Single-Phase System
C.3. Converting from Per-Unit Values to Physical Values
C.4. Change of Base
C.5. Three-Phase Systems
Appendix D: Glossary for Distribution System Terminology
References
Index