Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

✍ Scribed by Gianfranco Pistoia (Auth.)

• Publisher: Taylor & Francis
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 644
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Content:
Front Matter, Page iii
Copyright, Page iv
Contributors, Pages xiii-xvi
Preface, Pages xvii-xviii
CHAPTER ONE - Economic and Environmental Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Vehicle Options, Pages 1-17
Chapter Two - Lifetime Cost of Battery, Fuel-Cell, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Pages 19-60
CHAPTER THREE - Relative Fuel Economy Potential of Intelligent, Hybrid and Intelligent–Hybrid Passenger Vehicles, Pages 61-90
CHAPTER FOUR - Cost-Effective Vehicle and Fuel Technology Choices in a Carbon-Constrained World: Insights from Global Energy Systems Modeling, Pages 91-111
CHAPTER FIVE - Expected Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Battery, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Pages 113-158
CHAPTER SIX - Analysis of Design Tradeoffs for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles, Pages 159-191
CHAPTER SEVEN - Evaluation of Energy Consumption, Emissions, and Costs of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles, Pages 193-210
CHAPTER EIGHT - Improving Petroleum Displacement Potential of PHEVs Using Enhanced Charging Scenarios, Pages 211-225
CHAPTER NINE - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and their Impact on Energy Storage Technologies: An Overview, Pages 227-245
CHAPTER TEN - On the Road Performance Simulation of Battery, Hydrogen, and Hybrid Cars, Pages 247-273
CHAPTER ELEVEN - Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Gasoline Vehicles, Pages 275-286
CHAPTER TWELVE - DOE’s National Fuel Cell Vehicle Learning Demonstration Project: NREL’s Data Analysis Results, Pages 287-303
CHAPTER THIRTEEN - Battery Requirements for HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs: An Overview, Pages 305-345
CHAPTER FOURTEEN - Battery Environmental Analysis, Pages 347-374
CHAPTER FIFTEEN - A Roadmap to Understand Battery Performance in Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Operation, Pages 375-403
CHAPTER SIXTEEN - Batteries for PHEVs: Comparing Goals and the State of Technology, Pages 405-427
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN - Battery Size and Capacity Use in Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Pages 429-461
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN - Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Pages 463-491
CHAPTER NINETEEN - Management of Batteries for Electric Traction Vehicles, Pages 493-515
CHAPTER TWENTY - Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure, Pages 517-543
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE - Market Prospects of Electric Passenger Vehicles, Pages 545-577
CHAPTER TWENTY TWO - Automakers’ Powertrain Options for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Pages 579-636
Appendix, Pages 637-643
Index, Pages 645-652

✦ Table of Contents

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Contributors......Page 3
Preface......Page 7
Introduction......Page 9
Analysis......Page 10
Technical and economical criteria......Page 11
Environmental impact criteria......Page 13
Normalization and the general indicator......Page 18
Results and Discussion......Page 19
Acknowledgement......Page 23
References......Page 24
Lifetime Cost of Battery, Fuel-Cell, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles......Page 26
Introduction......Page 27
Introduction......Page 29
BEV concepts......Page 30
Batteries for BEVs......Page 31
Accessory systems for BEVs......Page 33
Energy use of BEVs......Page 34
External costs of BEVs......Page 35
Discussion of BEV cost estimates......Page 36
Introduction......Page 38
Batteries......Page 39
Engine, exhaust system, and transmission......Page 42
Maintenance and repair costs......Page 44
Energy use of PHEVs......Page 46
External costs of PHEVs......Page 49
Discussion of PHEV cost estimates......Page 51
Overview......Page 52
Fuel-cell system......Page 53
Hydrogen storage system......Page 56
Maintenance and repair costs......Page 57
Energy use of FCEVs......Page 60
Cost of fuel......Page 61
External costs of FCEVs......Page 62
Discussion of FCEV cost estimates......Page 63
Discussion......Page 64
References......Page 65
Introduction......Page 68
Conventional powertrain vehicle model......Page 72
Mild hybrid powertrain vehicle model......Page 73
Full hybrid powertrain vehicle model......Page 74
Initial performance comparisons......Page 76
Optimal velocity profiles using simplified models......Page 77
Online velocity scheduling algorithms......Page 80
Relative fuel saving potential through velocity shaping......Page 84
Hybrid Vehicles with Telematics......Page 87
Formulation of the optimisation problem......Page 89
Conclusions and Future Opportunities......Page 95
References......Page 96
Introduction......Page 98
Method......Page 99
Model structure......Page 100
Primary energy sources and emission factors......Page 101
Personal transportation......Page 102
Impact of CCS and CSP......Page 111
Impact of vehicle technology cost......Page 114
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 115
References......Page 117
Expected Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Battery, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles......Page 119
Introduction......Page 120
Background and Previous Research......Page 121
Overview of previous research......Page 123
Formation of GHG Emissions from EV Fuel Cycles......Page 124
Combustion or “in-use? emissions......Page 125
Combustion emissions of carbon dioxide from electricity generation......Page 126
Emissions of methane from power plants......Page 127
Emissions of nitrous oxide from power plants......Page 128
Emissions of CO2 and other GHGs from the vehicle life cycle......Page 129
LEM?overview......Page 130
LEM—emission results for BEVs and FCVs......Page 132
GREET model?overview......Page 139
Other EV GHG emission modeling efforts......Page 140
Comparison of GHG emissions estimates for BEVs and FCVs......Page 141
Overview of GHG emissions estimates for PHEVs......Page 143
Review of estimates of GHG emissions from PHEVs......Page 146
Comparison of GHG emissions reductions from PHEVs......Page 150
Comparison of GHG emissions reductions from EV types......Page 151
Scaling up the EV industry?how fast can it be done?......Page 153
Key Uncertainties and Areas for Further Research......Page 154
Key uncertainties in LCA analysis of GHGs from EV fuel cycles......Page 155
Conclusions......Page 156
References......Page 157
Appendix......Page 159
Analysis of Design Tradeoffs for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles......Page 165
Introduction......Page 166
Model of PHEV design process......Page 167
Review of PHEV design literature......Page 168
Methods for analysis of PHEV design process......Page 169
State of the art for drivetrain architecture......Page 170
Requirements of drivetrain architecture design based on PHEV vehicle-level attributes......Page 171
Constraints on vehicle-level design based on drivetrain architecture attributes......Page 172
Constraints on system-level design based on vehicle architecture attributes......Page 173
Requirements of ESS design based on PHEV vehicle-level attributes......Page 174
Constraints on system-level design based on ESS attributes......Page 175
Requirements of secondary power source design based on PHEV vehicle-level attributes......Page 176
Constraints on vehicle-level design based on secondary power source attributes......Page 177
Constraints on system-level design based on secondary power source attributes......Page 178
State of the art for energy management strategies......Page 179
Requirements of energy management strategy design based on PHEV vehicle-level attributes......Page 180
Constraints on system-level design based on energy management strategy attributes......Page 181
State of the art for vehicle accessory systems......Page 183
Constraints on vehicle-level design based on accessory system attributes......Page 184
ESS charging system......Page 185
State of the art for ESS charging systems......Page 186
Constraints on system-level design based on ESS charging characteristic attributes......Page 187
Case Studies......Page 188
Daimler-Chrysler Sprinter PHEV......Page 191
Concluding Remarks......Page 192
References......Page 193
Introduction......Page 198
Factors Affecting Plug-In Hybrid Fuel Consumption and Emissions......Page 200
SAE J1711 Recommended Practice......Page 201
Methodology......Page 203
Fuel consumption and regulated emission factors......Page 205
CO2 global emissions......Page 208
Impact on the electric grid......Page 210
Conclusions......Page 211
Acknowledgments......Page 213
References......Page 214
Introduction......Page 216
Review of previous results......Page 217
Approach......Page 219
Vehicle simulation model......Page 220
Driving profile database......Page 221
Battery aging model......Page 222
Results......Page 223
Driving profile impact......Page 224
Battery aging with different charging scenarios......Page 225
Acknowledgements......Page 229
References......Page 230
Introduction......Page 231
The Boundary Conditions for Automotive Technology Development......Page 232
Fuel Cell Electric and Battery Electric Vehicles — Two Competing Concepts?......Page 234
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles......Page 236
Extended-Range Electric Vehicles......Page 241
Infrastructure Issues......Page 246
List of Abbreviations
......Page 248
References......Page 249
Introduction......Page 250
Simulation of Efficient Internal Combustion Vehicle......Page 252
Simulation of Fuel Cell Vehicle......Page 260
Simulation of Battery Vehicle......Page 263
Simulation of Hybrid Vehicles......Page 270
Optimization of Hybrid Configuration......Page 271
Conclusions......Page 274
References......Page 275
Appendix: Performance Measures......Page 276
Introduction......Page 277
Methodology......Page 280
Scope......Page 281
Results and Discussion......Page 282
Concluding Remarks......Page 286
References......Page 287
DOE’s National Fuel Cell Vehicle Learning Demonstration Project — NREL’s Data Analysis Results......Page 289
Approach and Industry Partners......Page 290
Vehicle rollout......Page 291
Process for publishing results......Page 292
Vehicle driving range......Page 293
Fuel cell efficiency......Page 294
Fuel cell durability......Page 295
Factors affecting fuel cell durability......Page 299
Fueling rate comparison between fills for 350 and 700bar......Page 300
On-site production efficiency from natural gas reformation and electrolysis......Page 301
Vehicle greenhouse gas emissions......Page 302
Fuel cell vehicle freeze capability......Page 303
Concluding Remarks......Page 304
References......Page 305
Introduction......Page 306
Energy/Power......Page 307
Cost......Page 308
Battery life......Page 311
Cycle life......Page 312
Calendar life......Page 313
Temperature control......Page 314
Safety......Page 315
Recycling and environmental issues......Page 316
Microhybrids 椀搀氀椀渀最 猀琀愀爀琀⼀猀琀漀瀀......Page 317
Soft hybrids 猀琀漀瀀 愀渀搀 最漀......Page 318
Full hybrids 瀀漀眀攀爀 愀猀猀椀猀琀 䠀䔀嘀猀......Page 320
Example of existing HEV battery systems: NiMH batteries......Page 321
Example of incoming HEV battery systems: Li ion batteries......Page 323
Plug-in hybrids......Page 327
Li ion batteries for PHEVs......Page 329
Electric vehicles......Page 330
Examples of recent EV battery systems: Li ion......Page 335
Examples of recent EV battery systems: lithium metal polymer......Page 338
Examples of recent EV battery systems: sodium/nickel chloride 娀䔀䈀刀䄀......Page 339
Summary of the Different Li ion Chemistries Existing at Present, and to be Used in HEVs, PHEVs, or EVs......Page 341
The Future......Page 343
References......Page 345
Battery Environmental Analysis......Page 347
Methodology......Page 348
Selection of impact assessment method......Page 349
Weighting......Page 351
Model......Page 352
Composition......Page 353
Recycling......Page 355
Reliability of the Results......Page 356
Assembly and recycling of the battery......Page 357
Battery technical characteristics......Page 358
FU constant battery energy content and constant lifetime range of the vehicle......Page 359
FU constant battery mass and constant lifetime range of the vehicle......Page 360
FU constant range and constant lifetime distance covered by the vehicle......Page 361
Impact of the different stages......Page 362
Boundary conditions......Page 364
Sensitivity analysis for different scenarios......Page 365
Sensitivity analysis for electricity production......Page 366
Conclusion of the sensitivity analysis......Page 368
Impact of the application......Page 369
General conclusion of the quantitative analysis......Page 370
Nickel-Zinc......Page 371
Zinc-air......Page 372
Discussion of the qualitative analysis......Page 373
References......Page 374
Introduction......Page 375
Vehicle usage pattern analysis......Page 378
Representative usage schedule......Page 380
Laboratory Battery Tests......Page 382
Assessing battery performance......Page 384
Understanding battery degradation mechanisms......Page 385
SOC determination by relaxed cell voltage......Page 387
Measuring polarization resistance......Page 389
Mapping the degradation......Page 391
Characterize cell-to-cell variations......Page 393
Single Cell and Battery Pack Modeling......Page 394
Single-cell modeling......Page 395
Accommodating cell-to-cell variations......Page 397
Battery pack modeling......Page 398
Vehicle Drivetrain Platform Modeling......Page 399
Concluding Remarks......Page 400
References......Page 401
Introduction......Page 404
Basic PHEV Design Concepts......Page 407
PHEV Battery Goals......Page 409
Power......Page 411
Life......Page 412
Safety......Page 414
Summary of trade-offs......Page 415
Battery Technologies......Page 416
Nickel-metal hydride......Page 417
Lithium-ion......Page 418
Li-Ion Battery Prospects......Page 419
What PHEV Could Be Made With Near-Term Battery Technologies?......Page 422
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 424
References......Page 425
Introduction......Page 427
Defining the Maximum Pulse-Power Capability......Page 429
Defining a linear pulse-power capability......Page 431
Applications of the simple model......Page 434
A Combined Model for Battery Size and Capacity Use......Page 439
Cell chemistries studied......Page 440
Cell-sandwich design and performance......Page 441
Battery model......Page 445
Vehicle model......Page 446
Operating configurations and driving cycle......Page 447
Results for HEV operation......Page 449
Results for PHEV operation......Page 451
Pulse-power capability in a flat-potential system......Page 455
Conclusions......Page 456
Acknowledgements......Page 457
References......Page 459
Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Hybrid Electric Vehicles......Page 460
Introduction......Page 461
Li-ion Cell Failures......Page 462
External short circuit......Page 467
Internal short circuit......Page 468
Metallic contaminants......Page 469
Cell charging algorithm......Page 470
Cell overcharge......Page 471
Low-temperature charging......Page 472
Typical Safety Circuits......Page 473
HEV Battery Safety Standards......Page 476
System Specific Safety Evaluation......Page 479
Cell manufacturing defects......Page 480
Design defects......Page 482
Operating temperature......Page 483
System-based abuse testing......Page 484
Arcing......Page 485
Summary......Page 486
References......Page 487
Management of Batteries for Electric Traction Vehicles......Page 489
Application Introduction......Page 490
Electric motorcycles......Page 491
Fuel-cell electric vehicle......Page 492
Microhybrid or start–stop hybrid......Page 493
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle......Page 494
Battery Management Systems......Page 495
Monitoring......Page 496
Measuring......Page 497
Calculating......Page 498
Control......Page 499
Balancing......Page 500
Centralized architecture......Page 501
Leakage detection or isolation breakdown detection......Page 502
Current interruption fail-safe switches......Page 503
System voltage and current maximums......Page 504
Microhybrid 猀琀愀爀琠ጀ猀琀漀瀀......Page 505
BEV, mild or full hybrid, or PHEV......Page 507
Conclusion......Page 509
References......Page 510
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure......Page 512
Battery charging......Page 513
Background......Page 514
Charging time and “charging speed”......Page 515
“Semi-fast” charging......Page 516
Overview of power levels......Page 518
Mode 1 charging......Page 519
Mode 2 charging......Page 520
Control pilot conductor......Page 521
Control pilot alternatives......Page 522
Control pilot communication......Page 523
Off-board chargers 䴀漀搀攀 㐀......Page 524
Communication for grid management......Page 525
Connection cases......Page 528
Standard accessories......Page 530
New standardization proposals......Page 531
“Fast” charging......Page 533
Introduction......Page 534
Automatic connection......Page 535
Conclusions......Page 536
References......Page 537
Market Prospects of Electric Passenger Vehicles......Page 539
Introduction......Page 540
Batteries and fuel cells......Page 542
General definitions......Page 543
Vehicle energy consumption......Page 545
Relevant Stakeholders and Outline of Calculation Model......Page 548
Customers......Page 549
Vehicle manufacturers......Page 552
Politics......Page 553
Verification of model results......Page 554
Scenario Calculations......Page 555
Assumptions of input parameters......Page 556
Results: new vehicle fleet......Page 557
Scenario 2 – “climate protection”......Page 560
Results: new vehicle fleet......Page 561
Sensitivities......Page 564
Scenario 1b – “reduced efforts for climate protection and lower costs for emission after-treatment of diesel vehicles”......Page 565
Comparison of results......Page 567
Conclusions and Future Opportunities......Page 569
Nomenclature
......Page 570
References......Page 571
Automakers’ Powertrain Options for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles......Page 572
Introduction......Page 573
Hybrid Electric Vehicles......Page 574
Micro hybrids......Page 575
Volvo DRIVe......Page 576
Honda integrated motor assist......Page 577
Mercedes S-Class 䴀椀氀搀 栀礀戀爀椀搀......Page 580
BMW active hybrid 䴀椀氀搀 栀礀戀爀椀搀......Page 581
Toyota hybrid synergy drive and Lexus hybrid synergy drive......Page 583
BMW active hybrid 䘀甀氀氀 栀礀戀爀椀搀......Page 587
Mercedes M-Class Hybrid......Page 589
Porsche Cayenne Hybrid......Page 590
Volkswagen full hybrid......Page 591
PSA Peugeot Citroën Hybrid......Page 592
Plug-in hybrids 倀䠀䔀嘀猀......Page 593
Toyota Prius Plug-in......Page 594
General motors E-Flex system......Page 595
MP3 Hybrid......Page 598
Battery Electric Vehicles......Page 599
Renault Z.E.......Page 600
Twizy Z.E. concept......Page 601
Fluence Z.E. Concept......Page 602
Nissan Leaf......Page 603
Smart Fortwo Electric Drive......Page 604
Mitsubishi i-MiEV......Page 605
PSA Peugeot Citroën–Venturi Automobiles agreement......Page 606
Audi E-tron......Page 609
BMW Concept ActiveE–1-Series Electric......Page 610
MINI E......Page 612
Volvo C30 BEV......Page 613
Ape Calessino 2009 Electric Lithium......Page 614
Rinspeed......Page 615
Honda FCX Clarity......Page 617
Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-Cell......Page 619
Nissan X-Trail......Page 621
Host......Page 622
General motors’ Voltec technology......Page 626
Conclusions......Page 628
Incentives for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles......Page 630
Buses and Trucks......Page 631
Individual Mobility 匀挀漀漀琀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 䈀椀欀攀猀......Page 632
Recharging Networks......Page 633
HEV/EV Market......Page 636
Index
......Page 637