The effects of differences in the rate and composition of intravenous fluid replacement for urine loss on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of azosemide were evaluated using rabbit as the animal model. Each rabbit received a 4h constant intravenous infusion of 1 mg kg-1 azosemide with 0% replacement (treatment I, n = 4), 50% replacement (treatment II, n = 5), and 100% replacement (treatment III, n = 5) with lactated Ringer's solution, as well as with 100% replacement with 5% dextrose in water (D-5-W, treatment IV; n = 5). Renal clearance and urinary excretion rate of the drug in treatment III were considerably higher than those in treatments I, II, and IV. In spite of the similarities in kinetic properties, diuretic and/or natriuretic effects of azosemide were markedly different among the four treatments. For example, the mean 8 h urine output values were 98.2, 178, 733, and 237 mL for treatments I-IV, respectively, and the corresponding values for sodium excretion were 11.1, 19.4, 76.4, and 14.2 mmol, and for chloride 13.4, 23.8, 78.9, and 17.1 mmol. Except for treatment III, diuresis and/or natriuresis were found to be time dependent, generally decreasing with time until reaching a low plateau during the later hours of infusion. The present findings also show that (i) no fluid replacement and 100% replacement with D-5-W both produce the same degree (not significantly different) of severe acute tolerance in natriuresis, indicating the insignificance of water compensation in tolerance development; (ii) in treatment II, where neutral sodium balance was achieved, the development of acute tolerance in diuresis can mainly be attributed to negative water balance under this special condition; and (iii) at steady state the hourly diuresis and natriuresis can differ up to about 6.87- and 5.21-fold between treatments. Some implications for the bioequivalence evaluation of dosage forms of azosemide are discussed.