On the other hand, the effects of magnetic, electric, and The effects of radiofrequency (RF) (1-4) and magnetic fields electromagnetic fields on nonmagnetic materials involved (5-9) on the behavior of aqueous solutions and suspensions have some very unusal phenomena which could not be explained been a popular subject in recent years. The mechanism of the with the current state-of-the-art theories. The magnetic water magnetic ''water memory'' effect, though, is still largely unknown memory effect is probably one of the most challenging prob-(5). In this work, we present evidence that the primary ''receptor'' lems of modern physical chemistry. It is well known to many of the electromagnetic radiation is a gas/liquid interface. Gas can engineers that water treated with magnetic or electromagbe either already present in water or produced by the effects of netic fields retains the modified properties for hours or days electromagnetic fields. Perturbed gas/liquid interfaces require . Such modified water is used to reduce scale deposition hours to equilibrate. Certain RF and magnetic signals also produce reactive oxygen and hydrogen species (superoxide, hydrogen per-onto metallic surfaces, enhance cement hydration, or enoxide, hydrogen, atomic hydrogen). The perturbed gas/liquid inhance the growth rate of plants and animals.
terface modifies the hydrogen bonding networks in water and also
The existence of the magnetic memory of water was a the hydration of ions and interfaces. Careful outgassing removes rather anecdotal phenomenon until recently when the memall of the effects of the electromagnetic fields, including the magbers of several laboratories reported sophisticated physiconetic memory effect. The amplitude of the applied field influences chemical measurements which quantified this exciting prothe observed effects. Different amplitudes of RF radiation perturb cess. Chibowski and co-workers ( 1-4 ) studied the effects the interfacial water in different ways and consequently affect the of EMF in the radiofrequency ( RF) range ( 44 MHz) on behavior of colloids and ions in specific manners. For instance, pH, conductivity, and zeta potential of treated suspensions the bulk and template precipitation of calcium carbonate, zeta and solutions. Oscillations in zeta potentials hours after the potentials of suspended colloids, rate of dissolution of colloidal RF treatment were observed for numerous oxides such as silica, and attachment of colloidal silica to metal surfaces are modified in specific ways with the low amplitude or high amplitude rutile, hematite, and silica and also for calcium carbonate. RF treatments described in this paper. The solubility/diffusivity Higashitani and colleagues ( 5-9 ) also measured the effects of gas species is also modified in a different manner, and it is of magnetic water treatment on the precipitation of calcium probably at the core of the specificity of the RF amplitude effects. carbonate from calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solu-α§ 1998 Academic Press tions. For minutes or hours after treatment, the solutions Key Words: RF field effect; magnetic water memory effect; wawere left separated and then mixed to precipitate the calcium ter/gas interface; water structure. carbonate. Nontreated solutions yielded mostly calcite; treated solutions produced a mixture of calcite and aragonite. Particles precipitated from the treated solutions were added to the cells, the same effect on the behavior of mem-265