Table of Contents Forward Preface Part I The Media of Early Civilization The Earliest Precursor of Writing, Denise Schmandt-Besserat Media in Ancient Empires, Harold Innis Civilization Without Writing -- The Incas and the Quipu, Marcia Ascher and Robert Ascher The Origin of Writing, Andrew Robinson Part II The Tradition of Western Literacy The Greek Legacy, Eric Havelock Writing and the Alphabet Effect, Robert K. Logan Writing Restructures Consciousness, Walter Ong Communication and Faith in the Middle Ages, James Burke and Robert Ornstein Part III The Print Revolution Paper and Block Printing -- From China to Europe, Thomas F.;Mills; Part VII TV Times Television Begins, William Boddy The New Languages, Edmund Carpenter Making Room for TV, Lynn Spigel From Turmoil to Tranquility in 1960s Television, Gary Edgarton Boob Tubes, Fans, and Addicts, Richard Butsch Part VIII New Media and Old in The Digital Age How Media Became New, Lev Manovich Popularizing the Internet, Janet Abbate The World Wide Web, Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin A Cultural History of Web 2.0, Alice E. Marwick Social Media Retweets History, Tom Standage Discussion Questions Suggested Readings