Title
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Section I: Aquatic Invertebrates as Experimental Models
Chapter 1 The Comet Assay in Aquatic (Eco)genotoxicology Using Non-conventional Model Organisms: Relevance, Constraints and Prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Comet Assay in Aquatic Ecotoxicology: Role of Unconventional Models
1.2.1 Aquatic Ecosystems as the Ultimate Fate for Pollutants
1.2.2 Unconventional Models in the Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems
1.3 Application of the Comet Assay in Non-conventional Aquatic Models
1.3.1 Fish and Other Vertebrates
1.3.2 Molluscs. 1.3.3 Other Organisms: From Crustaceans to Algae1.4 Methods
1.4.1 The Comet Assay and its Modifications: Discriminating Type of Damage and Addressing DNA Repair in Unconventional Aquatic Models
1.4.2 Final Remarks on Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 2 Adverse Effects of Pharmaceutical Products in the Marine Environment: The Use of Non-target Species to Evaluate Water and Sediment Matrices
2.1 Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Matrices
2.2 Adverse Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Biota
2.2.1 Laboratory Studies
2.2.2 Short-term Assays. 2.2.3 Biomarkers of Stress and Effect2.2.4 In situ Studies
2.3 Final Considerations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 Rotifers as Models for Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology
3.1 Rotifers as Models for Ecotoxicology
3.2 Rotifers as Models for Genotoxicology
3.2.1 Environmental Genomics
3.2.2 Single Cell Electrophoresis (Comet Assay)
3.2.3 Cell Cycle Parameters
3.2.4 Micronucleus, Nuclear Abnormalities, Microsomal and Mutagenic Assays
3.3 Cytogenetics
3.3.1 Chromosome Damage
3.3.2 Nuclear Morphology
3.3.3 Sister Chromatid Exchange
3.4 DNA Damage
3.4.1 DNA Damage and Rotifers. 3.4.2 Rotifer Strategies3.4.3 DNA Biomarkers
3.4.4 Mutations in Rotifers
References
Chapter 4 Prospects of Molluscan Immunomarkers in Monitoring Aquatic Toxicity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Aquatic Toxins
4.3 Routes of Toxin Entry in Molluscs: An Important Aspect of the Biomarker Approach to Toxicity Monitoring
4.4 Molluscs as Toxicity-monitoring Species
4.5 Immunological Characteristics of Molluscs
4.6 Molluscan Immunomarker Approach for Estimation of the Toxicity of Natural Water
4.7 Potential Immunomarkers of Aquatic Toxicity. 4.7.1 Mucus Exudation Response of Molluscs as a Marker of Toxicity of Suspended Particulates of Water Column4.7.2 Hemocytes: A Major Source of Cellular and Humoral Immunomarkers of Freshwater Toxicity
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 Application of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Toxicity Evaluation of Emerging Aquatic Pollutants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental Design
5.2.1 Biomarker Methods
5.2.2 Biomarker Response Index (BRI)
5.2.3 Statistical Analysis
5.3 Discussion of Obtained Results
5.4 Conclusions
References.