Economic Inclusion in Post-Independence Africa: An Inclusive Approach to Economic Development (Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development)

✍ Scribed by David Mhlanga (editor), Emmanuel Ndhlovu (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 383
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The second in a three-volume series, this edited volume discusses post-independence economic inclusion in selected African countries. While human development indices rise and poverty rates fall across the African continent, facilitated by recent technological and innovation development which reaches previously inaccessible regions, indicators continue to lag in several crucial areas. Economic and social inclusion, therefore, remains at the forefront of development discussions across the continent. Using a variety of case studies underpinned by multidisciplinary research approaches, the chapters in this book explore a wide range of economic and financial inclusion issues from all aspects; from benefits and challenges to the steps that need to be taken to improve the level of economic inclusion on the continent. Governments, development agencies, non-governmental organizations with a bias toward development, students, and university lecturers will all find this book interesting.

✦ Table of Contents

Acknowledgements
About the Book
Contents
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: Theorising Economic and Social Inclusion in Post-Independence Africa
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Economic Inclusion Explained?
1.3 Social Inclusion Explained
1.4 Economic and Social Inclusion in Africa: Who’s Left Behind?
1.4.1 Demographic Trends and the Accumulation of Human Capital
1.4.2 Education in Africa
1.4.3 Economic Transitions, Poverty, and Employment
1.4.4 Technology Can Boost Social Inclusion but Leave Some Behind
1.5 Participation in Politics and the Growth of Social Movements in Africa
1.6 How Can Africa Achieve Its Goal of Full Economic Participation?
1.7 Outline of the Chapters in the Book
1.8 Conclusion
References
Part I: Economic Inclusion Implications for Livelihoods and Incomes
Chapter 2: Economic Inclusion: Transforming the Lives of the Poor and How to Make Economic Inclusion Work in Africa
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Is Economic Inclusion?
2.2.1 Economic Inclusion Literature
2.2.2 The Drivers of Change That Will Shape Africa’s Economic Inclusion
2.2.3 Human Capital Formation
2.2.4 Population Dynamics
2.2.5 Conflict, Fragility, and Shock Sensitivity
2.2.6 Acceptance of Technology
2.2.7 Using Safety Net Initiatives in the Social Sector
2.2.8 Financial Literacy
2.2.9 Informality
2.2.10 Extreme Poverty and Economic Inclusion
2.3 How to Make Economic Inclusion Work in Africa?
2.4 Program Execution That Is Gender Sensitive
2.5 Increasing Initiatives for Financial Inclusion
2.6 Increasing Financial Literacy and Streamlining Payment Processes
2.7 Fostering the Empowerment of Women
2.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 3: Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Its Effects on Social and Political Inclusion in Africa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical Review
3.3 Literature Review
3.3.1 ICT and Social Inclusion
3.3.2 ICT and Political Inclusion
3.4 Research Methodology
3.4.1 Model
3.4.2 Econometric Technique
3.4.3 Data Presentation
3.4.4 Empirical Analysis
3.5 Conclusions
Appendix: Sample of 46 African Countries
References
Chapter 4: Social Inclusion Interventions for Africa Towards Sustainable Development and Shared Prosperity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Significance of Social Inclusion in Africa
4.3 Evidence from a Theoretical Perspective
4.3.1 Social Inclusion Levels
4.3.2 Access in a Neoliberal World
4.3.3 Engagement with Social Justice Issues
4.3.4 Human Potential Empowerment
4.3.5 Social Inclusion Literature
4.4 Social Inclusion Interventions for Africa Towards Sustainable Development
4.5 Interventions for Social Inclusion from the Neoliberal Access
4.6 Social Justice Participation Interventions for Social Inclusion
4.7 Interventions for Social Inclusion from the Human Potential Empowerment
4.8 Conclusion and Policy Suggestions
References
Chapter 5: The Impact of Digital Financial Service Taxes and Mobile Money Taxes on Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Development in Africa
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Digital Economy and the Introduction of Digital Services Taxes in Africa
5.2.1 Digital Services Taxes in Africa
5.3 Digital Financial Services, Digital Financial Services Taxes, and Mobile Money Taxes in Africa
5.4 The Implications of Digital Service Taxes and DFSTs Tax Administration in Africa
5.4.1 Implications of Digital Service Taxes for Financial Inclusion in Africa
5.4.2 The Rise in the Amount of Burden Imposed by Taxes
5.4.3 Changes to How Digital Financial Services Are Used
5.4.4 Alterations in the Market’s Structure or Development
5.4.5 Morale and Faith in the Tax System
5.5 Implications of Digital Service Tax for Inclusive Development in Africa
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: The Political Economy of Financial Inclusion for Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Defining Financial Inclusion
6.3 Financial Inclusion for Small-Scale Farmers: Challenges and Opportunities
6.3.1 Lack of Money
6.3.2 Insufficient Documentation
6.3.3 Financial Illiteracy
6.3.4 Gender Gaps in Financial Inclusion
6.4 Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
6.5 Policies That Encourage Financial Inclusion
6.6 Policies That Address Access and Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa
6.7 Innovative Collateral Amongst Smallholder Farmers
6.8 Collaboration Across Borders and Sectors
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Digital Financial Inclusion and Digital Financial Literacy in Africa: The Challenges Connected with Digital Financial Inclusion in Africa
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.3 Literature Review
7.3.1 Financial Inclusion
7.3.2 Digital Finance and Digital Financial Services (DFS)
7.3.3 Digital Financial Inclusion
7.3.4 Digital Literacy, Financial Literacy, and Digital Financial Literacy
7.4 Digital Financial Inclusion in Africa
7.5 Importance and Benefits of Digital Financial Inclusion in Africa
7.5.1 Increased Access to Financial Services
7.5.2 Risk Identification, Measurement, Mitigation, and Management
7.5.3 Achievement of SDGs
7.5.4 Increased Market Share and Profitability of Financial Services Providers
7.5.5 Risks Associated with DFS and Their Implications for Financial Inclusion
7.6 The Challenges of Digital Financial Inclusion in Africa
7.6.1 Lack of Trust and Confidence in DFS
7.6.2 Access to Digital Equipment and Digital Infrastructure
7.6.3 Inefficiencies in Financial Institutions
7.6.4 Risks Connected with the Use of Digital Financial Services
7.6.5 Digital and Financial Literacy
7.6.6 Impact of Taxation
7.6.7 Fragility, Political Instability, and Financial Instability
7.7 Digital Financial Literacy, Digital Inclusion, and Digital Financial Inclusion in Africa
7.8 Conclusion, Recommendations, and Areas of Further Research
References
Chapter 8: Post-Independence Development and Financial Inclusion in Africa: Case Studies and the Way Forward to Support Further Financial Inclusion
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conceptualization of Financial Inclusion
8.3 Theoretical Frameworks
8.3.1 Vulnerable Group Theory
8.3.2 Systems Theory
8.4 Importance of Financial Inclusion in Africa
8.5 Empirical Literature
8.5.1 Case Studies of Financial Inclusion in Africa
8.5.2 Financial Inclusion Trends in Kenya
8.6 To Support Further Financial Inclusion, the Following Needs to Be Done in Africa
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: The Future of Financial Inclusion
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature Review
9.3 Financial Inclusion in the Past
9.4 Financial Inclusion in the Present
9.5 The Future of Financial Inclusion: What to Expect
9.5.1 The Future of Financial Inclusion Is Digital
9.5.2 Increased Personalization of Formal Financial Services
9.5.3 A Wide Range of Financial Products and Services Will Be Offered in a Single Platform
9.5.4 A Shift from Account Number to a Mobile Number to Drive Financial Inclusion
9.5.5 More Women Will Become Financially Empowered and Financially Independent
9.5.6 Government Will Become More Directly Involved in Delivering Basic Financial Services to the Poor
9.5.7 Emergence of New Financial Innovations That Continuously Reduce Transaction Cost
9.5.8 Consumer Protection, Data Privacy, and Unethical Technology Will Remain a Major Issue
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to West African Countries: Does Political Risk Matter?
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Review
10.3 Data and Methodology
10.3.1 Description of Data
10.4 Theoretical Framework and Model Specification
10.5 Methods
10.5.1 Cross-Sectional Dependence and Panel Unit Root Tests
10.5.2 Panel Cointegration Test
10.5.3 Panel Regression
10.6 Results and Discussion
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Comparative Analysis of Socioeconomic Change and Inclusion in Ghana: A Gendered Empirical Analysis Using Ghana Living Standards 1988 and Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey 2019
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Socioeconomic Change in Ghana Since 1987
11.3 Data and Methods
11.3.1 Design
11.3.2 Socioeconomic Analysis Approach
11.3.3 Data
11.3.4 Core Variables and Data Analysis
11.4 Results: Ghana Living Standards Survey, 1988 Socioeconomic and Social Inclusion Index
11.4.1 General Distribution of Socioeconomic Performance, 1988 Versus 2019
11.4.2 Social Inclusion
11.4.3 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey 2019: Socioeconomic Performance and Social Inclusion Among Ghanaians
11.4.4 Digital Assets Index 1988 and 2019
11.5 Discussion, Literature Integration, and Conclusion of the Study
11.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Financial Inclusion in Agriculture
Chapter 12: Rethinking Financial Inclusion for Post-Colonial Land Reform Beneficiaries in South Africa
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Research Methods
12.3 Rethinking Financial Inclusion for Land Recipients in South Africa
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Impact of Colonial History
12.4.2 Access to Productive Assets
12.4.3 Agribusiness Model Incongruity
12.4.4 Unethical Behaviour
12.5 Toward Financial Inclusion for Land Beneficiaries
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Peasant Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Development in Zimbabwe
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The History of Financial Inclusion
13.3 Financial Inclusion in Zimbabwe
13.3.1 The Colonial Experience
13.3.2 Inclusion for Inclusive Development (1980–2000)
13.3.3 Inclusion for Inclusive Development (Post-2000)
13.3.4 Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Development in the New Dispensation
13.4 Rethinking Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Development
13.5 Conclusion
References
Part III: The Gendered Implications of Economic Inclusion and the Policy Proposals Towards Economic Inclusion
Chapter 14: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Solutions for Financial Inclusion of the Excluded: What Are the Challenges?
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Artificial Intelligence Innovation in Financial Services
14.3 AI Applications in the Financial Market with Case Studies
14.3.1 FarmDrive Application in Kenya
14.4 Empirical Literature Review
14.5 Methodology
14.6 Discussion of the Challenges Associated with the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Solutions in Financial Inclusion of the Excluded
14.6.1 Consumer Protection Challenges: Data Protection and Cyberattacks
14.6.2 Risks Related to the Reduction in Competition and Irresponsible Deployment of AI
14.6.3 The Risk Fueling Digital Divide, Exclusion, and Displacements
14.7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation
References
Chapter 15: Women Empowerment in the South African Agribusiness: Opportunities and Constraints in the Gauteng Province
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Women Empowerment: A Conceptual Framework
15.2.1 Frameworks of Women’s Empowerment
15.2.2 International Frameworks Supporting Women’s Empowerment
15.2.3 Domestic Frameworks and Initiatives
15.2.4 Inequality in the Agriculture Sector in South Africa
15.2.5 The Women’s Empowerment Framework
15.3 Research Methods
15.4 Results Interpretation and Discussion
15.4.1 Constraints of Women’s Empowerment
15.4.1.1 Funding Constraints
15.4.1.2 Rigorous Screening for Resource Applications
15.4.1.3 Cultural and Infrastructural Constraints
15.4.1.4 Education and Training
15.4.1.5 Research and Innovation
15.4.1.6 Criminality
15.4.1.7 Technological Challenges
15.4.2 Opportunities for Women’s Empowerment
15.4.2.1 Collaboration and Cooperation
15.4.2.2 Employment and Income-Generating Opportunities
15.4.2.3 Establishment of Socioeconomic and Political Networks
15.5 A Proposed Framework for Empowering Women in the Agribusiness
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Gender-Inclusive Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Fields in Postindependence Zimbabwe
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Background and Orientation of the Study
16.3 Literature Review
16.3.1 Defining Gender Equality
16.3.2 Conceptualizing STEM
16.3.3 Other Country Experiences
16.4 Conceptualizing Development
16.5 Theoretical Framework
16.6 Synopsis of the Education Reforms in Zimbabwe from Independence
16.6.1 The Postindependence Zimbabwe Inherited a Gender-Biased Curriculum
16.6.2 Education Reforms
16.6.3 The Gender Gap in the STEM Program in Zimbabwe
16.7 Strategies That Have Been Adopted to Promote a Gender-Inclusive STEM Program in Zimbabwe
16.7.1 Legal and Policy Framework
16.7.2 Institutional Framework
16.8 Gender Mainstreaming Reforms in Tertiary Education
16.9 The Government Has Been Investing in Gender-Inclusive STEM Learning Methods
16.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 17: Policy Alternatives for Strengthening Women’s Representation in African Local Authorities: Insights from Zimbabwe
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Background
17.2.1 Arguments for Women’s Representation in Local Authorities in Africa
17.2.2 Women in Local Council Offices
17.3 Findings and Analysis
17.3.1 The Importance of Women’s Representation in Local Authorities
17.3.2 Factors Accounting for Poor Women Representation
17.3.3 Societal Norms and Values
17.3.4 Limited Training and Mentoring for Women in Local Authorities
17.3.5 Lack of Mutual Support from Fellow Women
17.3.6 Passive Legislative and Institutional Frameworks Promoting Women’s Participation in Local Authorities
17.3.7 Political and Domestic Violence Against Women
17.3.8 Poor Education
17.3.9 Strengthening Women’s Capacities in Local Government Institutions in Africa’s Legislative Frameworks
17.3.10 Empowerment of Women
17.4 Discussion of Findings
17.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 18: The Digital Economy, Digital Financial Inclusion, and Digital Taxation in the Industry 4.0: A South African Perspective
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Conceptual Exposition of Financial Inclusion
18.3 Digital Financial Services in the Digital Economy and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
18.4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution
18.5 Taxation of the Digital Economy
18.6 Digital Financial Services
18.7 Methodology
18.8 Usage of Digital Financial Services in the Digital Economy
18.9 Taxing of the Digital Economy and Usage of Digital Financial Services
18.10 Taxing the Digital Economy, Trust, Tax Morale, and Digital Financial Inclusion
18.11 Conclusion and Policy Implications
References
Chapter 19: Digital Transformation in the Healthcare Sector: The Role of Artificial Intelligence for Inclusive Long-Term Care Around the World, Lessons for Africa
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Review of Important Literature
19.2.1 Digital Transformation in Healthcare
19.3 Empirical Literature Review
19.4 Methodology
19.5 Results and Discussion
19.5.1 Digital Transformation, AI and ML, and Elder Abuse
19.5.2 Age Discrimination in Access to Long-Term Care Services
19.5.3 Multidisciplinary and Multi-Stakeholders’ Collaboration
19.5.4 Better Communications Can Lead to Better Care
19.6 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
References
Part IV: Conclusions Economic Inclusion in Post-Independence Africa: An Inclusive Approach to Economic Development
Chapter 20: Economic and Social Inclusion in Post-independence Africa: A Conclusion
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Infrastructure Development, Economic Inclusion, and Sustainable Development
20.3 What Is the Meaning of Economic Inclusion?
20.4 Explanation of the Meaning of Social Inclusion
20.5 The Promotion of Economic and Social Inclusion in Africa: Who Will Be Left Behind?
20.5.1 Trends in Population Distribution and the Development of Human Capital
20.5.2 Education Inside Africa
20.5.3 Transitions in the Economy, People Living in Poverty, and Opportunities for Work
20.5.4 Technology Can Boost Social Inclusion But Leave Some Behind
20.6 Politics and Social Movements in Africa
20.7 How Can Africa Accomplish Its Objective of Complete Participation in the Economic System?
20.8 Conclusion
References
Index