Ecologies of Knowledge
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Formal Acknowledgments
INTRODUCTION
Historical Review
Questions of Organizational Scale
Methodological Issues
Why I am not a Nazi: Realism and Relativism in Science and Technology Studies
Current Intellectual Developments in STS
Of Humans and Non-Humans
The Status of Matter and the Absolute
We're Scientists Too
Studying Nonhumans: A Professionalization Movement in STS?
Information Technology: Hope and Fun, Hype and Danger
The Cost of Opposing Hype
Conclusion
Notes
PART 1: POLITICS AND PROBLEMS
1 Science, Social Problems, and Progressive Thought: Essays on the Tyranny of Science
Prelude: Technoscience or Tyrannoscience Rex?
Modern Science as a Social Problem
Sal Restivo
Sociology and Social Studies for Science
Seeing Science as a Social Problem
Constructivism and Relativism
Science in Context
The Cultural Roots of Science
The Myth of Purity
Gender and Science
Science and Progress
Modern Science and the Sociological Imagination
Science and Progressive Thought
Jennifer Croissant and Sal Restivo
Marxism: Bourgeois versus Human Science
Feminisms: Criticizing Science without Losing Your Voice
Anarchism: Social Chaos or Social Theory?
Toward Humane Inquiries
Conclusion
Notes
2 The Politics of Formal Representations: Wizards, Gurus, and Organizational Complexity1
Part 1: Formalisms, Layers, and Long-Distance Control
Introduction
Immutable Mobiles
Formal Representations and Long-Distance Control
Summary of Part 1
Part 2: Strategies for Organizationally Consistent Representations: Where Does the Mess Go?
Deleting the Work
The Division of Labor
Formalism versus Empiricism
The Instability of Formalisms
Craft Work and Formal Representations: Quis formabit formatores?5
Organizational Responses to the Problems Posed by Formalism
Summary of Part 2
Part 3: Ethics, Disasters, and Formalisms
Do Formal Artifacts Have Politics?
Ethics, Formal Representations, and Organizational Complexity
Summary: Space and the Delegation of Values
Implications of a Changed Relationship with Organizations: Redefining Space
Notes
3 Computerization Movements and the Mobilization of Support for Computerization1
Introduction
Computerization Movements
Technological Movements and Computerization Movements
Five Specific Computerization Movements
Urban Information Systems
Artificial Intelligence
Computer-Based Education
Office Automation
Personal Computing
Ideological Elements of CMS
Computer-Based Technologies Are Central for a Reformed World
Improved Computer-Based Technologies Can Further Reform Society
More Computing Is Better Than Less, and There Are No Conceptual Limits to the Scope of Appropriate C...
No One Loses from Computerization
Uncooperative People Are the Main Barriers to Social Reform through Computing
Counter-Computerization Movements
Discussion
Epilogue 1994
Notes
4 Representation, Cognition, and Self: What Hope for an Integration of Psychology and Sociology?1
On Inversion
Inversion In The Sociology Of Science: The Example Of Representation
Evolving Perspectives in the Sociology of Science
The Role of the Agent
The Moral Order of Representation
The Changing Moral Order: The Example of the AI Debate
Language and the Institutionalization of Moral Order
The Ramifications of the Debate
The Question of Self
Conclusion
Notes
PART 2: MATERIALS AND SPACES
5 Research Materials and Reproductive Science in the United States, 1910β19401
Material Consequences of Physiological Approaches
Demand for Large Quantities of Same-Species Materials
Gaining Access to Materials
Colonies As Means of Access to Research Materials
Historical Illustrations
Mundane Fresh Specimens
Exotic Fresh Specimens
Mundane Live Materials
Exotic Live Materials
Conclusion
Epilogue: Studies of Research Materials (Re)Visited
Research Materials as Science Infrastructure
The Use of Living Materials and Vivisection Movements
Particular Materials and Lines of Research
(Re)Presentation, Symbolism, and Display of Materials
Human/Nonhuman/Cyborg: Continuities and Divides
Suggestions for Further Research
Notes
6 Laboratory Space and the Technological Complex: An Investigation of Topical Contextures
The Problem of "where" the Action Occurs
Topical Contextures and Equipmental Complexes
Opticism
Linear Perspective and Representational Technologies
Digitality
Asymmetric Alternates
The Topicalization of Digitality
The Spatiality of Situation: Digital Image Processing1
"A Picture Is an Array of Numbers"
Reality As an Ethical Simulation
Epistemological Nostalgia
Conclusion
Notes
7 Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door-Closer1
Reinventing the Door
Delegating to Humans
Disciplining the Door-Closer
Appealing to Gods
Offering a Coherent Vocabulary
The Lieutenants of Our Societies
Notes
PART 3: WORKPLACE ECOLOGIES
8 Engineering and Sociology in a Military Aircraft Project: A Network Analysis of Technological Cha...
A Socio-Technical Scenario
Industry's Socio-Technical Scenarios
Global Networks, Local Networks, and Negotiation Spaces
Management: An Obligatory Point of Passage?
The Collapse of the Negotiation Space
Discussion
Note
9 Ecologies of Action: Recombining Genes, Molecularizing Cancer, and Transforming Biology
Crafting a Theory-Methods Package
Crafting Proto-Oncogenes as a Unifying Metaphor
Between Cancer and Evolution: Proto-Oncogenes
Molecular Biological Oncogenes and Tumor Virological Oncogenes
Associations with Developmental Biology
''Back-Translating" Proto-Oncogenes to Viral Oncogenes to the Virus Cancer Program
Linking Proto-Oncogenes to Applications: Clinical and Epidemiological Genetics
Recombinant DNA Technologies
The Ruler Over a New Realm: The Theory-Methods Package
Committing to Oncogene Research
Commitments by Students, New Investigators, Established Researchers
Commitments by Private Industry
Theoretical Discussions
A Distributed Center of Authority
Coconstructing Practices, Problems, Theories, Laboratories, and the World
Change and Continuity in Representations and Technologies of Representation
Notes
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CONTRIBUTORS
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z