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Echoes from childhood—imitation in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

✍ Scribed by Jennifer Finis; Agnes Moczydlowski; Bettina Pollok; Katja Biermann-Ruben; Götz Thomalla; Martin Heil; Holger Krause; Melanie Jonas; Alfons Schnitzler; Alexander Münchau

Publisher
John Wiley and Sons
Year
2012
Tongue
English
Weight
143 KB
Volume
27
Category
Article
ISSN
0885-3185

No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.

✦ Synopsis

Abstract

Background:

Tourette syndrome patients are reported to show automatic imitation (echopraxia), but this has not yet been proven experimentally.

Methods:

Video clips showing either tics of other Tourette patients or spontaneous movements of healthy subjects were presented to Tourette patients and healthy subjects. Participants' responses were assessed using blinded review of video recordings by 2 independent raters and related to stimuli presented.

Results:

Both raters detected more echoes in patients. In a permutation analysis, no healthy subject had echoes above chance level. In contrast, 6 and 5 patients were classified as echoers according to rater 1 and rater 2, respectively, in 1 analysis, and 9 patients were so classified in a second analysis (according to rater 2 only). Concordance between raters was high. Patients echoed both following stimuli showing tics and following stimuli showing spontaneous movements. Most echoes were part of patients' individual tic repertoire.

Conclusions:

Echopraxia is a hallmark of Tourette syndrome. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society

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