Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

✍ Scribed by Kuppuswamy Kalyanasundaram

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 621
• Series: Fundamental Sciences: Chemistry
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

With contributions by:
Michael Bertoz, Juan Bisquert, Filippo De Angelis, Hans Desilvestro, Francisco Fabregat-Santiago,
Simona Fantacci, Anders Hagfeldt, Seigo Ito, Ke-jian Jiang, K. Kalyanasundaram, Prashant V. Kamat,
Ladislav Kavan, Jacques-E. Moser, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Laurence Peter, Henry J. Snaith,
Gavin Tulloch, Sylvia Tulloch, Satoshi Uchida, Shozo Yanagida and Jun-ho Yum

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
PREFACE
1: PHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO ENERGY CONVERSION
1.1 The sun as an abundant energy resource
1.2 Photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy (artificial photosynthesis)
1.3 Photographic sensitization
1.4 Photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy
1.4.1 Photogalvanic cells
1.4.2 Generations of photovoltaic solar cells
1.4.3 Photoelectrochemical solar cells with liquid junctions
1.4.4 Photoredox reactions of colloidal semiconductors and particulates
1.5 Dye sensitization of semiconductors
1.5.1 Dye sensitization of bulk semiconductor electrodes
1.5.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells – an overview
1.5.3 Sequence of electron-transfer steps of a DSC
1.5.4 Key efficiency parameters of a DSC
1.5.5 Key components of the DSC
1.5.6 Quasi-solid state DSCs with spiro-OMeTAD
1.5.7 Improvement in efficiency through the nanostructuring of materials
1.5.8 Dye solar cells based on nanorods/nanotubes and nanowires
1.5.9 Sensitization using quantum dots
1.5.10 semiconductor-sensitized ETA solar cells
1.5.11 DSCs based on p-type semiconductor
1.6 Conclusions
1.7 References
2: TITANIA IN DIVERSE FORMS AS SUBSTRATES
2.1 Titania: fundamentals
2.2 Electrochemistry of titania: depletion regime
2.2.1 Photoelectrochemistry under band-gap excitation
2.2.2 In-situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry in the depletion regime
2.2.3 Photoelectrochemistry under sub-band-gap excitation
2.3 Electrochemistry of titania: accumulation regime
2.3.1 Capacitive processes
2.3.2 Li-insertion electrochemistry
2.3.3 Spectroelectrochemistry of titania in the accumulation regime
2.4 Titania photoanode for dye sensitized solar cells
2.4.1 Non-organized titania made by decomposition of Ti(IV) alkoxides
2.4.2 Electrochemical deposition of titania
2.4.3 Aerosol pyrolysis
2.4.4 Organized nanocrystalline titania
2.4.5 Single-crystal anatase electrode
2.4.6 Other methods of producing titania electrodes for DSC
2.4.7 Multimodal structures
2.5 Conclusion
2.6 Acknowledgements
2.7 References
3: MOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF SENSITIZERS FOR CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICITY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ruthenium sensitizers
3.2.1 Effect of protons carried by the sensitizers on the performance
3.2.2 Effect of cations in the ruthenium sensitizers on the performance
3.2.3 Device stability
3.2.4 Effect of alkyl chains in the sensitizer on the performance
3.2.5 Effect of the p-conjugation bridge between carboxylic acid groups and the ruthenium chromophore
3.2.6 High Molar Extinction Coefficient Sensitizers
3.2.7 Tuning spectral response by thiocyanato ligands
3.2.8 Non-thiocyanato ruthenium complexes
3.3 Organic sensitizers
3.3.1 High efficiency organic sensitizers
3.3.2 Near-IR absorbing sensitizers
3.4 References
4: OPTIMIZATION OF REDOX MEDIATORS AND ELECTROLYTES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Charge transfer processes in DSCs
4.3 Electrolyte Components and their roles in the DSCs
4.3.1 Organic solvents
4.3.2 Cations
4.3.3 Additives
4.3.4 Electron mediators
4.4 Ionic liquid, quasi-solid and solid electrolytes
4.4.1 Ionic liquid electrolyte
4.4.2 Active iodide molten salts
4.4.3 Nonactive iodide molten salts
4.4.4 Additives in ILEs
4.4.5 Quasi-solid electrolyte
4.5 Remarks and prospects
4.6 References
5: PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF SnO2 AND OTHER OXIDES
5.1 Dependence of the Sensitization Efficiency on the Energy Difference
5.2 Coupled semiconductor Systems
5.3 SnO2-C60-Ru(bpy)23+ System
5.4 Probing the Interaction of an Excited State Sensitizer with the Redox Couple
5.5 Sensitization of Nanotube Arrays
5.6 Charge Separation of Organic Clusters at an SnO2 Electrode Surface
5.7 Concluding Remarks
5.8 Acknowledgements
5.9 References
6: SOLID-STATE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Inc.RPORATING MOLECULAR HOLE-TRANSPORTERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Spiro-OMeTAD-based solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell
6.3 The influence of additives upon the solar cell performance
6.4 Charge generation: Electron Transfer
6.5 Reductive quenching
6.6 Charge generation: Hole-transfer
6.7 Charge transport in molecular hole-transporters
6.8 Hole mobility in spiro-OMeTAD
6.9 Influence of charge density on the hole-mobility in molecular semiconductors
6.10 The influence of chemical p-doping upon Conductivity and hole-mobility
6.11 The influence of ionic salts on conductivity and hole-mobility
6.12 Current collection
6.13 TiO2 pore filling with molecular hole-transporters
6.14 Charge recombination: The influence of additives
6.15 Charge recombination: Ion solvation and immobilization
6.16 Charge recombination: Controlling the spatial separation of electrons and holes at the heterojunction
6.17 Enhancing light capture in solid-state DSCs
6.18 Alternative structures for mesoporous and nanostructured electrodes in solid-state DSCs
6.19 Outlook for hole-transporter based solid-state DSCs
6.20 References
7: PACKAGING, SCALE-UP AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF DYE SOLAR CELLS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 From cells to panels
7.2.1 Definitions
7.2.2 Designs
7.2.3 Materials
7.2.4 Module performance - experiment vs. modeling
7.3 Long-term stability - the key to industrial success
7.3.1 Single cells
7.3.2 Modules
7.3.3 Panels
7.4 Scaling up to commercial production levels
7.4.1 Material costs and availability
7.4.2 Manufacturing
7.5 Commercial applications
7.6 Conclusions
7.7 Acknowledgements
7.8 References
8: HOW TO MAKE HIGH-EFFICIENCY DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental considerations
8.2.1 Preparation of screen-printing pastes
8.2.2 Synthesis of Ru-dye
8.2.3 Porous-TiO2 electrodes
8.2.4 Counter-Pt electrodes
8.2.5 DSC assembling
8.2.6 Measurements
8.3 Results and discussion
8.3.1 TiCl4 treatments
8.3.2 Effect of the light-scattering TiO2 layer
8.3.3 Thickness of the nanocrystalline TiO2 layer
8.3.4 Anti-reflecting film
8.3.5 Reproducibility of DSC photovoltaics
8.4 Conclusion
8.5 Acknowledgements
8.6 References
9: SCALE-UP AND PRODUCT-DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS IN ASIA AND EUROPE
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Scaling up of laboratory cells to modules and panels
9.3 DSC development studies in various european laboratories
9.3.1 Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)
9.3.2 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (Fraunhofer ISE)
9.3.3 G24 Innovation
9.3.4 3GSolar, Israel
9.4 DSC development studies in various laboratories of Japan
9.4.1 Aisin Seiki Co. Ltd. and Toyota Central R&D Laboratories
9.4.2 Fujikura Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.3 Peccell Technologies, Inc. (Japan)
9.4.4 Sharp Co. Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.5 Sony Corporation Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.6 Shimane Institute for Industrial Technology (Japan)
9.4.7 TDK Co., Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.8 Eneos Co. Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.9 NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.10 Panasonic Denko Co. Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.11 Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. (Japan)
9.4.12 Dai Nippon Printing Company
9.4.13 Mitsubhishi Paper Mills and Sekisui Jushi Corporation
9.4.14 J-Power Co. Ltd. (Japan)
9.5 DSC Development Work in Korea and Taiwan
9.5.1 Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
9.5.2 Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Korea
9.5.3 Samsung SDI, Korea
9.5.4 Industrial Technology Research Institute of Taiwan (ITRI)
9.5.5 J Touch Taiwan
9.6 DSC development work in Australia and China
9.6.1 Dyesol, Australia
9.6.2 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
9.7 Conclusion
9.8 Acknowledgement
9.9 References
10: CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: A TOOLBOX APPROACH
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theoretical background
10.2.1 Interfacial electron transfer processes in the DSC
10.2.2 Electron trapping in the DSC
10.2.3 Electron transport in the DSC
10.3 The toolbox
10.3.1 Determination of injection efficiency and electron diffusion length under steady-state conditions
10.3.2 Electrochemical and spectrolectrochemical techniques to study the energetics of the oxide/dye/electrolyte interface
10.3.3 Electrochemical measurements with thin layer cells
10.3.4 Small-amplitude time-resolved methods
10.3.5 Methods based on frequency response analysis
10.3.6 Photovoltage decay
10.3.7 Determination of density of trapped electrons in DSCs
10.3.8 Measuring the internal electron quasi Fermi level in the DSC
10.3.9 Determining the electron diffusion length using IMVS and IMPS
10.3.10 Photoinduced absorption spectroscoy (PIA)
10.3.11 Conclusions
10.4 Acknowledgments
10.5 Appendix 1 Analytical IMPS solutions
10.6 Appendix 2 Numerical solutions of the continuity equation [10.115]
10.7 References
11: DYNAMICS OF INTERFACIAL AND SURFACE ELECTRON TRANSFER PROCESSES
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Energetics of charge transfer reactions
11.2.1 Mesoscopic metal oxide semiconductors
11.2.2 Dye sensitizer
11.3 Kinetics of interfacial electron transfer
11.3.1 Charge injection dynamics
11.3.2 Charge recombination
11.4 Electron transfer dynamics involving the redox mediator
11.4.1 Kinetics of interception of dye cations by a redox mediator
11.4.2 Conduction band electron – oxidized mediator recombination
11.4.3 Rlectron transport in nanocrystalline TiO2 films
11.5 References
12: IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
12.1 Introduction
12.2 A basic solar cell model
12.2.1 The ideal diode model
12.2.2 Physical origin of the diode equation for a solar cell
12.3 Introduction to IS methods
12.3.1 Steady state and small perturbation quantities
12.3.2 The frequency domain
12.3.3 Simple equivalent circuits
12.4 Basic physical model and parameters of IS in solar cells
12.4.1 Simplest impedance model of a solar cell
12.4.2 Measurements of electron lifetimes
12.5 Basic physical models and parameters of IS in dye-sensitized solar cells
12.5.1 Electronic processes in a DSC
12.5.2 The capacitance of electron accumulation in a DSC
12.5.3 Recombination resistance
12.5.4 The transport resistance
12.6 Transmission line models
12.6.1 General structure of transmission lines
12.6.2 General diffusion transmission lines
12.6.3 Diffusion-recombination transmission line
12.6.4 Parameters of the diffusion-recombination model
12.6.5 Effect of boundaries on the transmission line
12.7 Applications
12.7.1 Liquid electrolyte cells
12.7.2 Experimental IS parameters of DSCs
12.7.3 Nanotubes
12.7.4 Effects of the impedance parameters on the j-V curves
12.8 Acknowledgments
12.9 Appendix: properties of measured DSCs
12.10 References
13: THEORETICAL AND MODEL SYSTEM CALCULATIONS
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Theoretical and computational methods
13.2.1 Density Functional Theory (DFT)
13.2.2 Basis sets
13.2.3 The Car-Parrinello method
13.2.4 Solvation effects
13.2.5 Excited states
13.2.6 Nonadiabatic method
13.3 Dye sensitizers
13.3.1 Ruthenium(II)-polypyridyl sensitizers
13.3.2 Calculations on N3
13.3.3 Calculations on other Ru(II)-dye sensitizers
13.3.4 Trans-complexes
13.3.5 Organic sensitizers
13.3.6 Squaraine dyes
13.4 Studies of the TiO2 substrate
13.4.1 TiO2 models
13.5 Dye sensitizers on TiO2
13.5.1 Organic dyes on TiO2: adsorption and electron dynamics
13.5.2 Inorganic dyes on TiO2: adsorption and excited states
13.6 Conclusions and perspective
13.7 References
INDEX