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001 - Front Matter
Dry Eye Disease
002 - Copyright
Copyright
003 - List of Contributors
List of Contributors
004 - Contents
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004 - Chapter 1 - Questionnaire Design and Use to Assess Dry Eye Disease
1. Questionnaire Design and Use to Assess Dry Eye Disease
Design Considerations
How Should the Questions Be Selected?
How Should the Questionnaire Be Validated?
Statistical Analysis
Item Reduction and Scale Optimization
Psychometric Properties of the Final Questionnaire
Dry Eye Questionnaires
The Ocular Surface Disease Index
Standardized Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness
Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye
McMonnies Dry Eye Questionnaire
Dry Eye Questionnaire-5
Subjective Evaluation of Symptom of Dryness
Ocular Comfort Index
Texas Eye Research and Technology Center Dry Eye Questionnaire
University of North Carolina Dry Eye Management Scale
Impact of Dry Eye in Everyday Life
Dry Eye–Related Quality-of-Life Score
Conclusions
References
005 - Chapter 2 - Clinical Assessments of Dry Eye Disease_ Tear Film and Ocular Surface Health
2. Clinical Assessments of Dry Eye Disease: Tear Film and Ocular Surface Health
Introduction
Symptoms
Questionnaires
Ocular Surface Disease Index
Dry Eye Questionnaire
Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Living
National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire
Speed Survey
Visual Disturbance
Computer-Vision Symptom Scale
Functional Tests of Vision
Tear Film Stability
Tear Film Break-Up Time
Fluorescein Break-Up Time
Noninvasive Tear Break-Up Time
Interferometry
Tear Evaporation Rate
Tear Volume and Tear Measurements
Osmolarity
Meniscometry (Tear Meniscus Assessment)
The Phenol Red Thread Test
The Schirmer Test
Damage to Ocular Surface
Ocular Surface Staining
Impression Cytology
Lid-Parallel Conjunctival Folds
In Vivo Confocal Imaging
Ocular Surface Sensitivity
Inflammation of the Ocular Surface
Ocular/Conjunctival Redness (Injection)
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
Ocular Surface Immune Markers including Cytokines and Chemokines
Eyelid Evaluation
Blink/Lid Closure Analysis
Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy
Meibometry, Meibography, and Meiboscopy
DED Diagnostic Test Batteries and Test Order
Reference
006 - Chapter 3 - Clinical Assessment of Dry Eye Disease_ Nerve Health
3. Clinical Assessment of Dry Eye Disease: Nerve Health
Introduction
Anatomy of the Nerves
Manifestations of Compromised Nerve Health
Neuroimmune Crosstalk
Clinical Assessment of Corneal Nerve Health
Anatomy
Function
Conclusion
References
006 - Chapter 4 Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease Using Animal Models
007 - Chapter 5 - Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease Using Human Models
5. Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease Using Human Models
Introduction
Clinical Findings in Human Studies of Dry Eye Disease
Inflammatory Markers in Tears-Overview
Matrix metalloproteinase-9
Inflammatory cytokines in tears of subpopulations of DED
Tear analysis and DED
Cell Surface Markers
Major histocompatibility complex
Cell adhesion molecules
Hyperosmolarity—Measurement of Tear Osmolarity
Anterior Segment Imaging: In Vivo Confocal Microscopy (IVCM)
Neuropathic Pain
IVCM in SS vs non- SS DED and Inflammatory cells
Meibomian Gland Disease
Systemic Diseases Associated with DED
Graft-versus-host disease
Sjögren's syndrome
Aging and DED
Sex and DED
Environmental Factors and DED
Digital Display Use
Contact Lens Wear
Temperature, Humidity, Altitude, Pollution
Preservatives (Benzalkonium Chloride, BAK) and DED
Microbiome and DED
Summary
References
008 - Chapter 6 - Sj&tnqh_xF6;gren&tnqh_x27;s Syndrome Dry Eye Disease
6. Sjögren's Syndrome Dry Eye Disease
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Sjögren's Syndrome
An Underdiagnosed Population in the Eye Clinic
Diagnostic Criteria for Sjögren's Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs of DED in Sjögren's Syndrome
Symptoms
Clinical Signs
Ancillary Imaging in Sjögren's Syndrome Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Treatment of Sjögren's Syndrome Dry Eye
Topical Therapy
Systemic Therapy
Gut Microbiome
Future Considerations in Sjögren's Syndrome Dry Eye Treatment
References
009 - Chapter 7 - Graft Versus Host Disease and Dry Eye Disease
7. Graft Versus Host Disease and Dry Eye Disease
Introduction
Definition of OGVHD Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Features
Clinical Symptoms
Clinical Signs
Newer Diagnostic Modalities
Role of Tear Biomarkers, Inflammatory Mediators, and Protein in Diagnostics
Treatment
Medical Management
Lubrication
Prevention of tear evaporation
Reducing ocular surface inflammation
Biological tear substitutes
Surgical management
Conclusion
References
010 - Chapter 8 - Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye Disease
8. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye Disease
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis and Assessment
Dry Eye Disease Diagnosis
Aqueous Tear Production Assessment
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Workup
Management
Preparing the Lid Margin
Patient-applied lid hygiene
In-office lid hygiene strategies
Improving Meibum Outflow
Patient applied gland warming and expression strategies
In-office lid warming and expression strategies
Alternative strategies
Emerging strategies
Improving Lipid Layer Quality
Oral antibiotics
Dietary supplementation
Artificial tear supplementation
Summary/Conclusion
References
011 - Chapter 9 - Systemic Pain Conditions and Dry Eye Disease
9. Systemic Pain Conditions and Dry Eye Disease
The Link Between Systemic Pain Conditions and Dry Eye
Introduction
Shared Epidemiological Factors
Shared Clinical Characteristics
Neuropathic Pain
Increased Pain Sensitivity and Nerve Abnormalities
Comorbid Mental Health Disorders
Inflammatory Factors
Systemic Pain Conditions Associated with Dry Eye
Fibromyalgia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Chronic Pelvic Pain and Bladder Pain
Migraine and Other Headache Disorders
Osteoarthritis
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Central Pain Syndrome
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Other Systemic Pain Conditions
Mental Health Disorders and Psychological Factors that can Influence Pain
Referred Pain and Other Ocular and Orbital Disorders Mimicking Dry Eye Symptoms
Medications in Systemic Pain Conditions That may Aggravate Dry Eye
Conclusions and Clinical Implications
References
012 - Chapter 10 - Glaucoma and Dry Eye Syndrome_ Double Trouble
10. Glaucoma and Dry Eye Syndrome: Double Trouble
Introduction
Dry Eye in the Glaucoma Patient
How to Treat Glaucoma in the Dry Eye Patient
Laser Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Conclusion
References
013 - Chapter 11 - Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in the United States
11. Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in the United States
Introduction
Nonpharmacologic Treatments
Patient Education
Dietary Supplementation
Eyelid Hygiene
Warm compresses
Cleaning eyelids
Lubrication
Punctal Plugs
Prescription Drugs
Antiinflammatories
Cyclosporine
Lifitegrast
Topical steroids
Antibiotics
Tetracyclines
Topical azithromycin
Oral azithromycin
Blood Products
Autologous and/or Allogenic Serum Drops
Eye–Platelet-Rich Plasma and Plasma Rich in Growth Factors
Eyelid Procedures
Intense Pulsed Light
Vectored thermal pulsation (LipiFlow)
iLux
MiBo Thermoflo
TearCare System
Meibomian Gland Probing
BlephEx
Devices
Nasal Neurostimulation
OC-01 (Varenicline) Nasal Spray
Contact Lenses (Bandage Lenses and Rigid Gas Permeable Scleral Lenses)
Amniotic Membrane
Surgical Procedures
Punctal Cautery
Tarsorrhaphy
Ectropion and Entropion Repair
Surgical Treatment for Conjunctivochalasis
Pipeline
Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor
Lacritin
Lubricin
Thymosin β4
Amniotic Membrane Extract Eye Drops
Semifluorinated Alkane Eye Drops
Reproxalap Ophthalmic Solution
ALG-1007 (Risuteganib) Topical Ophthalmic Solution
Peptide Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Ophthalmic Solution
Ophthalmic Keratolytics
Conclusion
References
014 - Chapter 12 - Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in Asia
12. Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in Asia
Introduction
Current Dry Eye Therapies in China
Pharmacotherapy
Physical Therapy
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Herbal or natural products and chinese medicine
Acupuncture
Therapeutic Strategies for Different Types of Dry Eye in China
Dry Eye Therapy in Japan Based on TFOD and TFOT
Introduction and Epidemiology
Tear Film–Oriented Diagnosis and Tear Film–Oriented Therapy
Treatment of Dry Eye in Korea
Introduction
Specific Dry Eye Treatment Agents
Artificial tears
Antiinflammatory agents
Mucin secretagogues
Serum
Antioxidants
Others
Proposed Treatment Guidelines
Conclusions
Dry Eye Therapy in Singapore
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in Taiwan
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dry Eye Therapy in Thailand
Epidemiology
Dry Eye Diagnosis
Dry Eye Treatment
Overview of Dry Eye in Vietnam
Conclusions
References
015 - Chapter 13 - Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in Europe
13. Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in Europe
European Dry Eye Society
Definition of DED in Europe
Classification of DED in Europe
Epidemiology of DED in Europe
Dry Eye Diagnosis in Europe
Subjective Symptoms of DED
Clinical Signs of DED in Europe
Treatment of DED in Europe
General Treatment Principles
Artificial Tears
Hyaluronic Acids
Carboxymethylcellulose
Hydroxypropyl Guar
Artificial Tears with Specific Additives
Artificial Tears with Lipids
Lid Hygiene
Intense Pulsed Light Treatment
Preservation of Tear Film
Punctum Plugs
Moisture Goggles
Antiinflammatory Treatment in DED in Europe
Topical Corticosteroids
Topical Cyclosporine A
Antibiotic Treatment in DED
Oral Doxycycline
Topical Azithromycine
Autologous Serum
References
016 - Chapter 14 Treatment of Meibomian Gland Disease
016 - Chapter 15 - Treatment of Ocular Pain Not Responsive to Traditional Dry Eye Disease Treatments
15. Treatment of Ocular Pain Not Responsive to Traditional Dry Eye Disease Treatments
Introduction
Topical Therapies for Peripheral Sensitization
Nerve Regenerative Therapies
Contact Lenses (Both Scleral and Silicone-Hydrogel)
Investigational Therapies—Topical TRPM8 Agonism
Systemic Therapies for Central and Peripheral Sensitization
Gabapentinoids
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Opioids
Anticonvulsants Other than Gabapentinoids
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Combination Therapies
Procedural Therapies
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Intranasal Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Periorbital Nerve Blocks
Botulinum Toxin Type a (BoNT-A/Botox)
Intrathecal Targeted Drug Delivery
Complementary Therapies
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation
Vitamin B12 Supplementation
Acupuncture
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Investigational Therapies—Endocannabinoid System Modulation
Conclusion
References
017 - Chapter 16 - Pathways and Mechanisms of Ocular Pain and Photophobia in Dry Eye Disease
16. Pathways and Mechanisms of Ocular Pain and Photophobia in Dry Eye Disease
Introduction
Dry Eye Disease
Corneal Nerves and Pain Receptors
Ascending Pathways of Pain
Nociceptive Pain
Acute Nociceptive Pain
Chronic Nociceptive Pain and Sensitization
Neuropathic Pain and Photophobia
Distinguishing Nociceptive and Neuropathic Pain
Conclusion
References
18 - Index
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z