Drug-induced Neurological Disorders

✍ Scribed by Kewal K. Jain

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 608
• Edition: 4th ed. 2021
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is a first-of-its kind reference that systematically organizes and describes the adverse effects of drugs on the nervous system. Drug safety is recognized as an important aspect of pharmaceutical companies as well as practice of medicine. 

Chapters include case reports of adverse effects of drugs that are published as well as reported to drug manufacturers. The book scope is broad as it covers lack of efficacy, drug resistance, drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. This information is used to improve the use of drugs as well as to design better and safer drugs for the future, and is relevant to personalized medicine in trying to match the right drugs to the patients.

Drug-induced Neurological Disorders offers a unique approach to this important topic by integrating clinical neurology with pharmacology with a focus on effects of drugs on the nervous system including those used for the treatment of neurological disorders as well systemic diseases. Many adverse effects involve multiple systems of the body and the syndromes with predominant effect on the nervous system are included in this book.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword to the First Edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Contents
Author’s Biography
Part I: Basics of Adverse Drug Reactions of the Nervous System
1: Introduction, History, and Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders
Introduction
Definitions
Historical Aspects
Pharmacovigilance
Epidemiology of ADRs
Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions
Sources of Adverse Drug Reaction Data
Systems Pharmacology Approach to Identify ADRs
Causality Assessment
Naranjo Scale for Causality Assessments of ADRs
Bayesian Approach to Causality Assessment of ADRs
Diagnostic Assessment
Behavioral Toxicity
Clinical Significance
Concluding Remarks
References
2: Neurologic Symptoms as Adverse Drug Reactions
Introduction
Aphasia
Drug-Induced Aphasia
Ataxia
Drug-Induced Ataxia
Dysarthria
Drug-Induced Dysarthria
Dysphagia
Drug-Induced Dysphagia
Falls
Drug-Induced Falls
Hiccups
Drug-Induced Hiccups
Nausea and Vomiting
Drug-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Management of Drug-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction
Drug-Induced Neurogenic Bladder
Tremor
Drug-Induced Tremor
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Tremor
Treatment of Drug-Induced Tremor
Yawning
Neuropharmacologic Regulation of Yawning
Disorders Associated with Pathologic Yawning
Drug-Induced Yawning
References
3: Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Effects of Drugs on the Brain
Introduction
BBB as an Anatomical as well as Physiological Barrier
Molecular Biology of the BBB
BBB as a Biochemical Barrier
Regulatory Functions of the BBB
Other Neural Barriers
Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier
Blood-Nerve Barrier
Blood-Retinal Barrier
Blood-Labyrinth Barrier
Passage of Substances Across the BBB
Systems for Transport of Molecules Across the BBB
ABC Transporters
Glucose Transporter
Other Transporters
Blood-Brain Barrier-Specific Enzymes
Receptor-Mediated Peptide and Protein Transcytosis
Blood-Brain Barrier in Neurologic Disorders
Chemical Factors That Increase the Permeability of the BBB
Drugs Action on the BBB Affecting Transport to the Brain
Amitriptyline Enhances Transport Across BBB
Anticholinergic Drugs’ Enhanced Passage Across BBB Increases Neurotoxicity
Antiepileptic Drug Resistance in BBB
Drug Abuse-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction
Levodopa Passage Across BBB Increases in Parkinson Disease
Mannitol for Treatment of Cerebral Edema
Nanomedicines and BBB
Tissue Plasminogen Activator, BBB, and Hemorrhagic Complications
References
4: Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders
Introduction
Direct Neurotoxicity of Drugs
Breach of BBB
Retrograde Intra-axonal Transport
Mechanisms of Direct Neurotoxicity
Disturbances of Brain Energy Metabolism
Sequelae of Disturbances of Brain Energy Metabolism
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Neurotransmitter Disturbances
Metabolite-Mediated Neurotoxicity
Astrogliosis
Drug-Induced Selective Cell Death
Unknown Mechanisms
Multiple Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity from Drugs
Methods of Assessing Neurotoxicity
Secondary Drug-Induced Neurologic Disorders
Risk Factors for Drug-Induced Neurologic Disorders
Risk Factors Relevant to the Patients
Pharmacogenetics
Epigenetic Factors
Drug-Drug Interaction
Use by Normal Subjects of Drugs Indicated for Neurologic Disorders
Patients with a History of Neurologic Disorders
Patients Suffering from Systemic Diseases
Old Age
Pregnancy and Prenatal Exposure to Drugs
Role of Nocebo Effect in ADRs
Risk Factors Related to Drugs
Drug Interactions
Drug-Disease Interactions
Drug Withdrawal
Concluding Remarks
References
5: Adverse Effects of Drugs on the Fetal Nervous System
Introduction
Neurological Disorders and Pregnancy
Pharmacology of Drugs During Pregnancy
Placental Barrier
Fetal Blood-Brain Barrier
Epidemiology of Disorders Due to Fetal Exposure to Drugs
Effects of Maternal Drugs on Breastfeeding Infants
Pharmacokinetics During Lactation
Precautions for Drug Use During Lactation
Effects of Drugs Used During Pregnancy on the Fetal CNS
Anti-Parkinson’s Disease Drugs
Antidepressants
Antiepileptic Drugs
Fetal Anticonvulsant Syndrome
Antimigraine Drugs
Antipsychotic Drugs
Biological Therapies During Pregnancy
Drugs Used for Narcolepsy, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Drugs Used for Management of Cerebral Ischemia
Drugs for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy
Local Anesthetics
Opioids for Pain During Pregnancy
Pregabalin
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Substance Abuse During Pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Congenital Cocaine Syndrome
Effects on the Fetus of Cannabis (Marijuana) Use During Pregnancy
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
References
6: Principles of Management of Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders
Introduction
Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures
Prevention of DINDs
Treatment of DIND
Nonpharmacological Therapies for DIND
Management of DIND in Special Groups
Geriatric Age Group
Pregnancy
Concluding Remarks and Future
Development of Safer Therapies
Personalized Approach to Management of DIND
Basics of Personalized Neurology
Personalized Management of DINDs
References
Part II: Neurological Complications of Therapies
7: Methods of Drug Delivery to the Nervous System and DIND
Introduction
Drug Delivery Across the BBB
Retrograde Axonal Transport
Direct Injection into the CNS Substance or CNS Lesions
Convention-Enhanced Delivery
Injections into the CSF Pathways
Intrathecal Drug Delivery
Applications of Intrathecal Drug Delivery
Adverse Effects of Intrathecal Drug Administration
Complications of Long-Term Intrathecal Therapy Using Devices
Delivery of Drugs to the Brain via the Nasal Route
Intra-arterial Administration of Therapeutic Substances for CNS Disorders
Types of Systems for Therapeutic Delivery to the Nervous System
Targeted Drug Delivery to the CNS
Nanoparticle-Based Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapy Across the BBB
References
8: Neurological Complications of Anesthesia
Introduction
Neurological Complications of General Anesthesia
Pathomechanism of Neurologic Complications of General Anesthesia
Alcohol Use Disorder After Exposure to General Anesthesia in Adolescence
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
Effect on Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism
Delirium
Seizures
Stroke
Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia
Myelopathy
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Torticollis
Movement Disorders
Spastic Paraparesis
Prevention of Complications of General Anesthesia
Prevention of Delirium
Prevention of Seizures
Prevention of Cognitive Deficits Due to Anesthetic Agents
Management of Neurologic Complications of Anesthesia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anesthesia in Pregnancy and Early Childhood
Neurological Complications of Local Anesthesia
Adverse Effects of Local Anesthetics on the Nervous System
Local Manifestations Related to Cranial Nerves
Local Manifestations Related to Peripheral Nerves
Effect of Local Anesthetics on Muscles
Manifestations of CNS Toxicity of Local Anesthetics
Pathomechanism of Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurologic Disorders
Epidemiology of ADRs of Local Anesthetics
Prevention of Neurological Complications of Local Anesthesia
Diagnosis
Management of Neurological Complications of Local Anesthetics
Special Considerations in Vulnerable Groups
Neurological Complications of Epidural Anesthesia
Epidemiology of Neurologic Complications of Epidural Anesthesia
Pathomechanism of Neurologic Complications of Epidural Anesthesia
Safety of Epidural Anesthesia in Special Populations
Epidural Anesthesia in Pregnant Patients
Epidural Anesthesia in Myasthenia Gravis
References
9: Neurological Complications of Cancer Therapies
Introduction
Pathomechanism of Neurological Complications of Anticancer Drugs
Peripheral Neuropathies
Cranial Neuropathies
Myelotoxicity
Encephalopathy
Leukoencephalopathy
Cerebellar Neurotoxicity
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Neurological Complications of Biological Therapies for Cancer
Alpha Interferon
Interleukin-2
Growth Factors
Monoclonal Antibodies
Targeted Molecular Agents
Cancer Immunotherapy
Management of Neurological Complications of Anticancer Drugs
Preventive Measures
Treatment of Neurological Complications of Immune Therapies of Cancer
Neuroprotection Against Chemotherapy-Induced Brain Damage
References
10: Adverse Effects of Biological Therapies on the Nervous System
Introduction
Neurological Complications of Cell Therapy
Neurological Complications of CAR-T Cell Therapy
Neurotoxicity of CAR-T Cell Therapy
Complications of Cell Therapy of Neurological Disorders
Tumor Formation After CNS Transplantation of Stem Cells
Donor Stem Cell-Derived Brain Tumor
Glioproliferative Lesion of Spinal Cord as a Complication of Cell Therapy
Uncontrolled Differentiation of Implanted ESCs
Tumorigenicity of ESC-Derived Retinal Progenitor Cells
Neurological Complications of Gene Therapy
Adverse Effects of Gene Therapy
Neurotoxicity of Gene Therapy
Adverse Effects of Vaccines on the Nervous System
Introduction
Adverse Effects of Vaccines on the Nervous System
References
Part III: Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders
11: Drug-Induced Aseptic Meningitis
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Pathomechanism
Epidemiology
Prevention
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Investigations
Management
References
12: Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Secondary Intracranial Hypertension
Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension (DIIH)
Pathogenesis of Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension
Management of DIIH
References
13: Drug-Induced Encephalopathies
Introduction
Drugs Associated with Encephalopathy
Acyclovir
Aluminum
Antibiotics
Cephalosporins
Mefloquine
Metronidazole
Penicillins
Sulfonamides
Antiepileptic Drugs
Encephalopathies Secondary to Drug-Induced Metabolic Disorders
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy
Hyponatremic Encephalopathy
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Drug-Induced Leukoencephalopathy
Amphotericin B
Anticancer Agents
Arsenicals
Corticosteroids
Heroin
Immunosuppressive Therapy with Organ Transplantation
Interferons
Monoclonal Antibodies
Natalizumab
Tocilizumab
Leukoencephalopathy Secondary to Drug-Induced Hypertension
Syndromes with Encephalopathy in Which Drugs Are Implicated
Reye’s Syndrome
Toxic Encephalopathy in the Newborn
References
14: Drug-Induced Disorders of Memory and Dementia
Introduction to Drug-Induced Memory Impairment
Definitions and Historical Note
Drugs Associated with Memory Impairment
Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Memory Disturbances
Epidemiology
Prognosis of Drug-Induced Memory Disturbances
Prevention
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Workup
Management of Drug-Induced Memory Impairment
Drug-Induced Dementia
Definitions and Historical Note
Clinical Manifestations
Drugs Associated with Dementia
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Dementia
Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Dementia
Factors that Predispose to Drug-Induced Dementia
Prevention of Drug-Induced Dementia
Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Dementia
Diagnostic Workup
Management of Drug-Induced Dementia
References
15: Drug-Induced Disturbances of Consciousness
Introduction
Drug-Induced Syncope
Clinical Manifestations
Prognosis and Complications
Pathomechanism of Syncope
Drug-Induced Hypotension
Drug-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances
Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Syncope
Prevention of Drug-Induced Syncope
Differential Diagnosis of Syncope
Diagnostic Workup
Management of Drug-Induced Syncope
Drug-Induced Delirium
History
Terminology
Clinical Manifestations
Prognosis and Complications of Delirium
Drugs Associated with Delirium
Underlying Disorders and Risk Factors for Delirium
Anticholinergic Agents
Antidepressants
Antimicrobials
Antiparkinsonian Drugs
Antipsychotics
Benzodiazepines
Corticosteroids
Interferons
Cocaine Abuse
Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Opioid Analgesics
Delirium Due to Drug Withdrawal
Pathomechanism of Delirium
Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Delirium
Prevention of Drug-Induced Delirium
Differential Diagnosis of Delirium
Diagnostic Workup
Management of Drug-Induced Delirium
Anticholinergic Delirium
Nonspecific Pharmacotherapy
Delirium in Critically Ill Patients
Management of Delirium After Drug Withdrawal
Management of Delirium Associated with Anesthesia
Management of Delirium in Special Groups
Coma Due to Drug Intoxication
Clinical Manifestations
Drugs that Can Cause Coma
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Coma
Opiates
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Cephalosporins
Propofol
Valproic Acid
Antipsychotic Medications
Anticholinergic Syndrome
Cholinergic Syndrome
Sympatholytic Syndrome
Salicylate Intoxication
Cyanide Poisoning
Alcohol and Related Substances
Coma Due to Acute Intoxication with Synthetic Cannabinoids
Coma Due to Drug-Induced Cerebrovascular Disorders
Drugs Producing Hypoglycemia
Drugs Producing Hyponatremia
Miscellaneous Drugs with Reports of Coma
Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Coma
Prevention of Drug-Induced Coma
Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Coma
Diagnostic Workup
Management of Drug-Induced Coma
Correction of Acid-Base Disturbances
Management of Secondary Cerebral Injuries
Discontinuation of the Offending Drug
Detoxification
Drug Clearance Therapy
Use of Drug Antagonists
Removal of the Unabsorbed Drug
Hyperbaric Oxygen
Combination of Various Methods
References
16: Drug-Induced Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Behavioral Toxicity
Psychoactive Drugs and Motor Vehicle Accidents
Behavioral “Disinhibition”
Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Psychiatric Adverse Effects
Drug-Induced Depression
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Depression
Antidepressants and Suicide
Drugs Associated with Depression
Drug-Induced Anxiety and Panic Disorders
Drug-Induced Mania and Hypomania
Drug-Induced Hallucinations
Catatonia
Drug-Induced Psychoses
Anabolic Steroids
Anticholinergic Drugs
Antidepressants
Antiepileptic Drugs
Antihistaminics
Antimalarials
Antimicrobials
Antineoplastic Drugs
Antiparkinsonian Drugs
Baclofen
Benzodiazepines
Cardiovascular Drugs
Clomiphene
CNS Stimulants
Corticosteroids
Cytokines
Metronidazole
Neuroleptic Withdrawal
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Opioid Analgesics
Zolpidem
Drug-Induced Cerebral Insufficiency
References
17: Neurologic Effects of Drug Abuse
Introduction
Terminology
Epidemiology of Drug Abuse
Abused Drugs
Opioids
Psychostimulants
Cocaine
Miscellaneous CNS Stimulants
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Benzodiazepines
Miscellaneous Drugs
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Psilocybin
Pathomechanism of Drug Abuse
Neurological Adverse Effects of Illicit Drugs
Seizures in Drug Abuse
Injuries to the Nervous System in Drug Abuse
CNS Infections in Drug Abuse
Stroke in Drug Abusers
Mental Alterations in Drug Abuse
Alcoholic Neurologic Disorders
Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Induced Damage to the Nervous System
Neuroprotection Against Neurotoxicity of Alcohol
References
18: Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders
Introduction
Clinical Features of Sleep Disorders Induced by Drugs
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders
Central Disorder of Hypersomnolence
Drug-Induced Drowsiness
Insomnia Due to Drugs or Substances
Vivid Dreams and Nightmares
Sleepwalking
Drug-Induced Disorders of Breathing During Sleep
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Sleep Apnea
Sleep Paralysis
Drug-Induced Enuresis
Drug-Induced Sleep Bruxism
Drug-Induced Sleep-Related Eating Disorders
Drug-Induced Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Drug-Induced Restless Legs Syndrome
Sleep-Related Adverse Effects of Drugs According to Therapeutic Categories
Antidepressants
Antiemetic Drugs
Antiepileptic Drugs
Antihistaminics
Antiobesity Drugs
Antiparkinsonian Drugs
Antipsychotic Drugs
Cardiovascular Drugs
CNS Stimulant Drugs
Corticosteroids
Hypnotic Drugs
Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders
Prevention of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders
Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders
Diagnostic Workup of Patients with Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders
Management of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders
Drug-Induced Insomnia
Antipsychotic-Induced Sleep Disorders
Drug-Induced Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson Disease
References
19: Drug-Induced Seizures
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Seizures
Drugs Associated with Seizures
Anesthetics and Seizures
Antidepressants and Seizures
Antimicrobial Agents and Seizures
Antipsychotic Agents and Seizures
Aggravation of Seizures by Antiepileptic Drugs
Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Seizures
Prevention of Drug-Induced Seizures
Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Seizures
Diagnostic Workup of Patients with Drug-Induced Seizures
Management of Drug-Induced Seizures
References
20: Drug-Induced Movement Disorders
Introduction
Terminology and Classification of Movement Disorders
Antipsychotic Drugs
Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Agents
Assessment of Neurological Status of Schizophrenic Patients
Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders
Factors That Influence the Onset of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders
Akathisia
Classification of Akathisia
Pathomechanism of Akathisia
Epidemiology of Akathisia
Prevention
Differential Diagnosis
Management of Akathisia
Akinetic Mutism
Asterixis
Athetosis
Ballism
Chorea
Phenytoin-Induced Chorea
Acute Dystonia
Pathomechanism of Dystonia
Treatment of Dystonia
Acute Dystonia
Tardive Dystonia
Oculogyric Crises
Myoclonus
Restless Legs Syndrome
Tics
Tremor
Drug-Induced Tremor
Tardive Tremor
Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
Epidemiology of DIP
Clinical Features of DIP
Pathomechanism of DIP
Risk Factors for DIP
Course and Prognosis of DIP
Management of Antipsychotic-Induced Parkinsonism
Non-antipsychotic Drugs That Induce Parkinsonism
Differentiation of Idiopathic PD from DIP
Extrapyramidal Disorders Due to Antipsychotics and Anti-dementia Drugs
References
21: Tardive Dyskinesia
Introduction
Clinical Features
Rating Scales for TD
Epidemiology of TD
Risk Factors for Tardive Dyskinesia
Pathomechanism of TD
Differential Diagnosis of TD
Drug-Induced TD
Variants of TD
Management of TD
Prevention of TD
Treatment of TD
Tardive Dystonia
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Prognosis and Complications
Management
Pharmacotherapy
Surgery for Tardive Dystonia
Dyskinesias Associated with Antiparkinsonian Drugs
Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias
Clinical Features of LID
Risk Factors for PID
Pathophysiology
Management of LID
Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Syndromes
References
22: Drug-Induced Headaches
Introduction
Classification
Drugs and Other Substances Reported to Induce Headache
Clinical Features of Drug-Induced Headaches
Risk Factors of Drug-Induced Headache
Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Headache
Headache Remedies That Induce Headaches
Ergotamine Headaches
Propranolol
Sumatriptan
Headaches Induced by Other Drugs and Substances
Alcohol
Anesthetic Agents