Diffractive Lens Design. Theory, design, methodologies and applications

✍ Scribed by Andy Wood, James Babington

• Publisher: IOP Publishing
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 368
• Series: IOP Series in Emerging Technologies in Optics and Photonics
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Editor biographies
Symbols
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical background
1.2 Surface-relief diffractive optical elements
1.3 Hybrid refractive–diffractive optics
1.4 The optical design process
1.5 A simple hybrid lens design example
1.6 Lens design data files
References
2 Hybrid surface fundamentals
2.1 Hybrid refractive–diffractive surface definition
2.1.1 Surface geometry
2.1.2 Optical path length function
2.2 Wavefront transformation through a hybrid surface: order decomposition
2.2.1 Diffraction efficiency
2.3 Wavefront transformation through a hybrid surface: zone decomposition
2.4 An example diffractive structure: the basic blaze
2.5 Multiorder diffractive lenses
References
3 Hybrid surface ray tracing
3.1 Ray tracing based on the optical path length transformation
3.2 Ray tracing based on the grating model
3.2.1 Solving the vector grating equation
3.3 The ray tracing of holographic optical elements
References
4 Paraxial properties and primary aberrations
4.1 Hybrid surfaces
4.2 Hybrid surface paraxial properties
4.3 Aberrations of a symmetrical optical system
4.4 Hybrid surface Seidel aberrations
4.4.1 Refractive surface contributions
4.4.2 Diffractive surface contributions
4.5 Thin hybrid lens Seidel aberrations
4.5.1 Thin hybrid lens paraxial properties
4.5.2 Bending and conjugate variables
4.5.3 Thin lens Seidel aberrations
4.5.4 Aspheric contributions
4.5.5 Aberrations of the thin hybrid lens at the stop
References
5 Chromatic aberration and thermal defocus
5.1 Hybrid surface chromatic aberrations
5.1.1 Refractive surface contributions
5.1.2 Diffractive surface contributions
5.2 Thin hybrid lens chromatic aberrations
5.2.1 The single-lens achromat
5.3 Chromatic aberration stop-shift effects
5.4 Conrady formula for a hybrid system
5.5 Thermal defocus
5.5.1 Thin lens athermalisation
References
6 The Sweatt model
6.1 Representation of a plano diffractive optical element (DOE)
6.1.1 Plano DOE examples
6.2 Representation of a spherical DOE
6.2.1 Curved DOE example
References
7 Blaze design
7.1 The thin phase plate approximation
7.2 Properties of the basic single-layer blaze
7.2.1 Non-monotonic path length functions
7.2.2 Single-layer blaze diffraction efficiency
7.2.3 Blaze wavelength
7.3 Efficiency achromatised blaze
7.3.1 Achromatised single-layer blaze
7.3.2 Dual-layer blaze structures
7.4 Finite-thickness blaze design
7.4.1 A plano diffractive surface generating a spherical wavefront
7.5 Alternative blaze technologies
References
8 Modelling diffractive lens systems I
8.1 Image formation fundamentals
8.2 The ‘standard’ model applied to hybrid lenses
8.2.1 Ge DOE—OPL model
8.2.2 Ge DOE—Fresnel model
8.3 Order decomposition models
8.3.1 A useful approximation
8.3.2 Calculating diffraction efficiency
8.4 Intensity along the optical axis
8.4.1 Refractive versus diffractive properties: how many zones are required?
8.5 Diffractive optics modelling review
References
9 Modelling diffractive lens systems II: multiaperture surfaces
9.1 Zone decomposition method with multiaperture optics
9.2 The optics of multiapertures
9.2.1 Zonal depth of focus
9.2.2 Zonal chromatic wavefront aberrations
9.2.3 Zonal phasor diagrams
9.3 Example one: a mid-wave infrared hybrid singlet
9.4 Example two: a long-wave infrared Petzval lens
References
10 Tolerancing diffractive lenses
10.1 An overview of manufacturing tolerances
10.2 Diffractive surface tolerances
10.2.1 Step height variations
10.2.2 Zone width variations
10.2.3 Zone-to-zone wall tilt and blurring
10.2.4 Zonal surface form errors
10.2.5 Surface roughness
10.3 Example: tolerancing an MWIR singlet lens
10.3.1 Simple tolerancing
10.3.2 Step height tolerancing
10.3.3 Zone width and wall tolerancing
10.3.4 Zonal roll-off error
10.3.5 Zonal surface roughness
10.3.6 Diffractive lens drawing and ISO 10110-16
10.3.7 Limits of validity and tolerancing
References
11 Diffractive lens design
11.1 Achromatic hybrid singlets at the stop
11.1.1 Monochromatic aberrations
11.1.2 Spherochromatism
11.1.3 Number of zones
11.1.4 Achromatic hybrid singlet design examples
11.2 Two-element anastigmats
11.3 Athermal achromatic hybrid singlets
11.4 Athermal achromatic hybrid doublets
11.5 Three-element athermal anastigmats
11.6 Hybrid and conventional lens performance comparison
11.7 Dual waveband infrared lens
11.8 Magnifiers
11.9 Diffractive lens design review
References