Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes

✍ Scribed by Tomás González Villa (editor), Trinidad de Miguel Bouzas (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 560
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

‘Developmental biology’ is widely understood as processes, which mainly concern embryonic animal development and differentiation of cells and tissue. It is also often defined as the timeline for the evolutionary developmental biology of eukaryotic multicellular higher organisms, i.e., plants and animals. The development of prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes in contrary has been neglected for a long time, which was the motivation for publishing this book.

This book highlights one of Darwin's most important findings: Evolution is a creative, but not a conscious process. It also illustrates that this concept does not only apply to multicellular higher organisms, but affects every form of life.

The reader shall find complex biochemical and genetic pathways of bacteria, yeasts or protozoa, comparable to those exhibited by plants or animals. The molecular mechanisms of dramatic genome rearrangements, recombination and horizontal gene transfer that are responsible for evolutionary adaptations are discussed. Additionally, the book covers bacteria of the genera Myxobacteriales and Caulobacterales, which are able to develop tissue-like cellular organization. The morphogenesis of entomopathogenic fungi and the endosymbiont theory are also addressed.

The book is a useful introduction to the field for junior scientists, interested in bacteriology, protistology and fungal development. It is also an interesting read for advanced scientists, giving them a broader view of the field beyond their area of specialization.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Introductory Chapter
References
Part I: Aspects of Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes
Linear Chromosome in Borreliella: Island of Genetic Stability
1 Introduction
References
Genetics and Biochemistry of Sporulation in Endospore-Forming Bacteria (Bacillus): A Prime Example of Developmental Biology
1 Introduction
2 Genes and Factors Affecting Endospore Formation
3 Secondary Metabolites Produced During Endospore Formation
3.1 Antibiotics
3.2 Alkanes
3.3 Parasporal Crystals
3.4 Lanthipeptides
4 Secondary Metabolites in the Environment
5 Toxins
References
Parasporal Crystal Toxins in Bacillus thuringiensis
1 The Bacterium and Their Crystalline Parasporal Bodies
2 Discovery and History as a Bioinsecticide
3 Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Toxins
3.1 Nomenclature
3.2 Characteristics and Mechanism of Action of B. thuringiensis Crystal Toxins
3.2.1 Cry Toxins
3.2.2 Cyt Toxins
3.2.3 Parasporins
4 Genetic Determinants of B. thuringiensis Crystal Toxins. Applications
4.1 The cry and cyt Genes. Regulation of Their Expression
4.2 Expression of cry Genes in B. thuringiensis
4.3 Expression of cry Genes in Other Organisms
References
Developmental Biology of Caulobacter crescentus: A Model Organism to Study the Regulation of Shape Morphology
1 Caulobacter crescentus´ Life Cycle
2 Shapeshifting upon Starvation
3 Shapeshifting in Stationary Phase
4 Other Important Shape-Determining Proteins in C. crescentus
5 Concluding Remarks
References
The Incredible Path of Myxobacteria Towards Aggregative Multicellularity
1 Introduction
2 Coordinated Cell Movement Mediates Multicellular Processes
2.1 Gliding Motility
2.2 Twitching Motility
3 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in Multicellularity Processes
4 Predation and Development
4.1 Predation
4.2 Development and Fruiting Bodies Formation
References
Lactobacilli: Unusual Genome Complexity with Huge Adaptability to the Environment
1 Lactobacillaceae Family
2 Classification of Lactobacillaceae
3 Genome Variability and Mechanisms of Adaptation
4 Communication Among Lactobacilli and with the Host
References
Associations Between Bark Beetles and Pseudomonas
1 Introduction
2 Interaction of Pseudomonas with Dendroctonus Beetles
3 Interaction of Pseudomonas with Ips Beetles
4 Pseudomonas Associated with Other Bark Beetle Species
5 Conclusions
References
Sterol Biosynthetic Pathways and Their Function in Bacteria
1 Introduction
2 The Discovery of Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria
3 Oxidosqualene Cyclase and Squalene Monooxygenase: Core Sterol Biosynthetic Enzymes
4 Modifications to Initially Synthesized Sterols
5 Biological Role(s) of Sterols Synthesized by Bacteria
6 Final Thoughts
References
Understanding the Cell Organization in Planctomycetes
1 Introduction
2 Structural Organization of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3 Why Planctomycete is an Exception to the Prokaryotic Cell Plan?
4 Compartmentation of Planctomycetes Cell
5 Components of Planctomycetes Cell
5.1 Cell Wall and Cell Surface Proteins
5.2 Cateriform
5.3 Paryphoplasm
5.4 Intracytoplasmic Membrane
5.5 Pirellulosome
5.6 Nucleoid
5.7 Anammoxosome
5.8 Atypical Components of Planctomycetes
5.8.1 Sterols and Hopanoids
5.8.2 Ladderane
5.8.3 Hydrocarbons
5.8.4 Sulfatases
5.8.5 Polyketide Genes
5.8.6 Esterases
5.8.7 Polysaccharide Lyase Enzymes
5.8.8 Ornithine Lipids
6 Cell Division of Planctomycetes
7 Synthetic Biology and Compartmentalized Planctomycetes Cell
8 Conclusion
References
Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents: From Bacteria to Yeast
1 Introduction
2 Main Types of Antimicrobial Compounds
2.1 Antibacterial Agents
2.2 Antifungal Agents
2.3 Cell Targets and Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Agents
2.4 Mechanisms of Action and Cell Targets of Antifungal Agents
3 An Overview of the Resistance Mechanisms to Antimicrobial Agents
3.1 Cell Drug Resistance: From Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic Cells
3.2 Mechanisms of Cell Drug Resistance: A General Overview
3.3 The Particular Case of Yeast Drug Resistance
4 Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance
4.1 Clinical Isolates with Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents in Portugal
4.2 Food and Water Isolates Presenting Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents in Portugal
4.3 Pets, Soil, and Manure Isolates Presenting Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents in Portugal
5 Strategies to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance: Diagnostic and Treatment
6 Conclusions
References
The Taxonomy of Bacteria in the Genomic Era
1 A Brief Introduction to the History of Bacterial Taxonomy
2 Whole-Genome Sequences: How to Use Them in Bacterial Taxonomy
2.1 Technologies to Generate Whole-Genome Sequences
2.2 Minimal Standards for Genomic Data in Taxonomy
2.3 Overall Genome Relatedness Index (OGRI)
2.4 Genome Phylogeny
2.5 Genome Characterization: Where Should One Begin?
3 Metagenomic Analysis: Do They Fit in Classical Taxonomy?
References
Part II: Aspects of Developmental Biology in Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Basis of Eukaryotic Eco-Evo Development
1 Introduction: Evolution, 160 Years After Darwin
2 The Prokaryotic Metabolic World
3 Prokaryotes at the Dawn of Eukaryotic Life
4 Several Traits of Eukaryotic Cells Are Also Present in Prokaryotes
5 The Concept of the Holobiont as a Unit of Functionality
6 Coda
References
Quorum Sensing: A Major Regulator of Fungal Development
1 Introduction
2 Quorum Sensing as a Communication Mechanism in Fungi
2.1 QS Mechanisms in Diverse Fungal Species
2.1.1 Yeast and Dimorphic Fungi
Candida albicans
Ophiostoma Species
Cryptococcus neoformans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Schizosaccharomyces japonicus
2.1.2 Filamentous Fungi
Penicillium Species
Aspergillus Species
3 Important Molecules Mediating QS
3.1 Terpenes: Farnesol
3.2 Alcohols: Tyrosol, Tryptophol, and 2-Phenylethanol
3.3 Lactone Molecules
3.4 Lipids: Oxylipins
3.5 Peptides and Peptide Pheromones
3.6 Other Volatile Compounds and CO2
4 Quorum Sensing-Regulated Processes in Fungi
4.1 Morphogenesis and Biofilm Assembly
4.2 Interactions Between Prokaryotes and Fungi
4.3 Apoptosis
5 Biotechnological Applications of QSMs in Fungi
5.1 Metabolite Production
5.2 Food Fermentations
5.3 Biotransformations
5.4 Antifungal Activity
References
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Porins: Comparison of Structure and Function
1 Introduction
1.1 Origin of Bacteria and Mitochondria
2 Bacterial Porins
2.1 Special Features of the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria
2.2 Isolation and Purification of Bacterial Porins
3 Study of Bacterial Porin Function
3.1 General Diffusion Pores
3.2 Properties of Specific Porins
4 Structure of General Diffusion and Specific Porins
5 VDAC (Mitochondrial Porins)
5.1 Function of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
5.2 Isolation of VDAC
5.3 Reconstitution of the Mitochondrial Porin (VDAC)
5.4 Voltage Dependence of VDAC (Eukaryotic Porin)
6 Ionic Selectivity of the Open and Closed States of Eukaryotic Porins
7 Inhibition of Eukaryotic Pores In Vitro and In Vivo by a Synthetic Polyanion
8 Structure of the Pore Formed by Eukaryotic Porins
9 Role of Eukaryotic Porins in Mitochondrial Metabolism
10 Conclusions
References
Evolutionary Mechanisms in the Transition Towards Parasitic Lifestyle: The Role of Endosymbiotic Organelles
1 Introduction
2 Apicomplexa
2.1 Apicoplast
2.2 Mitochondria
3 Trypanosomatids
3.1 Kinetoplast
3.2 Mitochondria and Metabolism
4 Conclusion
References
Effects of Cyanobacterial Metabolites on Other Bacterial Phyla and in the Morphogenesis, Viability, and Biochemistry of Eukary...
1 Introduction
2 Effects of Cyanobacterial and Heterotrophic Bacterial Metabolites on Lower Eukaryotes
3 Effects of Cyanobacterial Metabolites on Other Bacterial Groups
4 Additional Beneficial Effects of Cyanobacterial Metabolites
5 Effect of Protozoan Secondary Metabolites on Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
6 Effects of Microbial Metabolites on Algal Morphogenesis
References
Understanding the Morphogenesis of Fungi Trichoderma
1 Introduction
2 Trichoderma Mode of Action
3 Fungal Morphogenesis
3.1 Genes Involved in Fungal Morphogenesis (Signal Transduction)
3.2 Signal Transduction Cascades
4 Morphogensis in Trichoderma sp.
4.1 Light Responses to Fungal Growth
4.2 Role of Photoresponses in Trichoderma Morphogenesis
4.3 Genome-Based Discovery
4.4 Light-Responsive Gene Expression for Morphogenesis in Trichoderma sp.
4.5 Marker Genes Specific to Conidiation and Sporulation Stages
4.6 Cross Regulation: BLR-1/BLR-2 and Protein Kinase A (PKA)
4.7 Heterotrimeric G Proteins and MAP Kinase Cascades
4.8 Environmental Cues Influencing Trichoderma Conidiation
References
Morphogenesis of Filamentous Fungi: Role and Their Relevance to Entomopathogenicity
1 Introduction
2 Dimorphism and Its Link to Pathogenecity and Saprophytism
3 Spore Germination and Its Kinetics
4 Switching from Hyphal´´ Form toYeast´´ Form
4.1 Remodel the Cell Wall During Infection and Dimorphic Switching
4.2 Oxidative Stress and Dimorphic Switching
4.3 Establishment of Thermal Homeostasis and Dimorphic Switching
4.4 Signaling Pathways and Dimorphic Switching
4.5 Transcriptional Regulation and Dimorphic Switching
5 Switching from Yeast´´ toHyphal´´ Form
6 Switching from ``Hyphal´´ Form to Conidia
6.1 Conidiophore Initiation
6.2 Conidium Ontogeny
6.3 Conidium Delimitation
6.4 Conidium Secession
6.5 Proliferation
7 Quorum Sensing and Dimorphic Switching
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Effects of Normal and Cancer Host Tissues on Microbiota Development, Persistence, and Dynamics
1 Colorectal Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors
2 Colorectal Cancer: A Role for the Gut Microbiota
3 Microbiota Dysbiosis Versus Colorectal Cancer Initiation: What Comes First?
3.1 Microbiota Development and Succession
3.2 Host Determinants of Microbiota Colonization
3.3 Metabolic Alterations During Colorectal Carcinogenesis Initiation
3.4 Involvement of Microbiota Dysbiosis in CRC Promotion and Progression
4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Development of a Nervous System with Increasing Complexity in Lower Eukaryotic Animals
1 Introduction
2 Protozoans
3 Poriferans
4 Cnidarians and Ctenophores
5 Helminths
6 Annelids
7 Arthropods
8 Structural and Functional Complexity of the Nervous System in Lower Eukaryotes
9 Genetic Diversity in Nervous System Development
10 Comparative Sequence Identity Analysis Using BLAST
11 Conclusion
References
The Gut Microbiome Affects Human Mood and Behavior
1 Are Bacteria the Key to Human Happiness? The Case for Mycolicibacterium vaccae (Mycobacterium vaccae)
1.1 Gut Microbiome and Neurotransmitters
1.2 M. vaccae
2 Are Bacteria and Yeast Responsible for Aggressive Behavior in Humans?
2.1 Bacteria Causing Human Aggressiveness
2.2 Human Aggressiveness Caused by Yeast Infection
References