Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Editors
About the Contributing Authors
Section 1 The Foundations of Multicultural Counseling
Chapter 1 The Culturally Competent Counselor
Preview
Learning Outcomes
The Culturally Competent Counselor
Key Terminology of Multicultural Counseling
U.S. Demographics
Race and Ethnicity
Nationality
Age
Socioeconomic Status
Rates of Mental Illness
Mental Health Treatment and Multicultural Populations
Counseling Versus Cultural Norms of Diverse Populations
Inaccessibility of Services
Stigma and Mistrust
Prejudice and Discrimination
Immigration
Acculturation and Enculturation
Individual and Collective Trauma
The Role of Communication in Multicultural Counseling
Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Emotional Expression
Communication Patterns of Clients and Counselors
Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence
A Systems Approach to Multicultural Counseling Competence
Ethical Considerations in Multicultural Counseling
State of the Research: Multicultural Counseling Competency
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 2 Cultural Identity Development
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Racial and Ethnic Identity Development
Racial Identity Models
Phinneyโs Model of Ethnic Identity
Biracial and Multiracial Identity Development
Addressing Racial and Ethnic Identity in Counseling
Gender Identity Development
Gender Identity Models
Addressing Gender Identity in Counseling
Sexual Identity Development
Sexual Identity Models
Addressing Sexual Identity in Counseling
Spiritual and Faith Identity Development
Spiritual Identity Models
Addressing Spiritual Identity in Counseling
State of the Research: Cultural Identity Development
Summary
Review Questions
Section 2 Social Advocacy
Chapter 3 Social Justice Counseling
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Key Constructs for Understanding Social Advocacy
Social Justice and Mental Health
Historical Context
Counselors as Social Advocates
Advocacy in Professional Counseling Standards
Three-tiered Model of Social Advocacy
Challenges and Benefits of Social Justice Counseling
State of the Research: Social Justice Counseling
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 4 Racism and White Supremacy
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Race and Racism
Social Construction of Race
Defining Racism
Costs of Racism for People of Color
Cognitive Costs
Affective Costs
Interpersonal Costs
Physical Costs
Efforts to Combat the Costs of Racism
White Supremacy
White Privilege
White Peopleโs Psychological Responses to Racism and White Privilege
White Fragility
Being American
Racial Microaggressions and Macroaggressions
Color-blind Racial Attitudes
Myth of Meritocracy
Focus on Exceptions
The Costs of Racism for White People
Cognitive Costs
Affective Costs
Interpersonal Costs
State of the Research: Racism, White Supremacy, and White Privilege
Becoming Antiracist
Counselor Self-awareness
Client Services
Community Collaboration
Addressing Racism Within Other Systems
Taking Action
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 5 Gender and Sexism
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Understanding Gender and Sexism
Gender and Counseling Considerations
Counseling Cisgender and Trans Girls and Women
Counseling Cisgender and Trans Men
Counseling People Who Are Trans and Nonbinary
Historical Context of Sexism
White Colonization, Enslavement, and Warfare
World War II and Womenโs Return โhomeโ
Historical Resistance to Sexism: Womanist and Feminist Movements
Cultural Intersections of Gender
Gender and Sexism for Individuals of African and African American Descent
Gender and Sexism for People of Native American Descent
Gender and Sexism for Individuals of Asian and Asian American Descent
Gender and Sexism for Individuals of Latin and Latin American Descent
Gender and Sexism for People of Arab and Arab American Descent
Consequences of Sexism
Mental Health Consequences of Sexism
Physical Consequences of Sexism
Social Consequences of Sexism
Addressing Sexism in Counseling
Men as Feminists
Expanding Resilience and Social Justice
State of the Research: Gender and Sexism
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 6 Sexual and Affectional Orientation and Heterosexism
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Key Constructs
Heterosexism and Homophobia
LGBTQ+ Demography
Intersectional Issues for LGBTQ+ Individuals
Race and Ethnicity
Activity 6.2
Gender
LGBTQ+ Youth
Age and Disclosure of Sexual and Affectional Orientation
Educational Status
Social Class
Spirituality
LGBTQ+ Relationships
Consequences of Heterosexism
Mental Health Consequences
Physical Consequences
Social Consequences
State of the Research: Sexual and Affectional Orientation
Socially Just, Nonheterosexist Training and Clinical Practice
Counselor Attitudes and Beliefs
The Counseling Relationship
Counseling LGBTQ+ Youth
Challenging Sexual Orientation Change Efforts
LGBTQ+ Affirmative Counseling
Counselor Training
Additional Systems Level Advocacy
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 7 Social Class and Classism
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Social Class, Socioeconomic Status, and Classism
What Is Social Class?
What Is Socioeconomic Status?
What Is Classism?
U.S. Class Structure
Classism, Racism, and Ethnocentrism
Poverty and Mental Health
Who Is Poor?
Risk Factors and Mental Health Consequences
Poverty: Perceptions and Identity
State of the Research: Social Class and Classism
Addressing Classism in Counseling
Awareness
Knowledge
Skills
Advocacy
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 8 Disability, Ableism, and Ageism
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Disability Defined
Types of Disability
Disability Statistics
Models of Disability
Variations on the Social Model of Disability
Counseling Individuals with a Disability
Disability, Ableism, and the Counseling Process
Ableism
Awareness
Knowledge
Skills
Disability-affirmative Counseling and Cultural Intersections
Older Adults
Ageism and Adultism
Age, Ageism, and the Counseling Process
Awareness
Knowledge
Skills
State of the Research: Disability, Ableism, and Ageism
Summary
Review Questions
Section 3 Counseling Multicultural Populations
Chapter 9 Individuals and Families of African and African American Descent
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Individuals and Families of African and African American Descent
Terminology
Demographics
Discrimination Experiences
Black Racial Identity and Acculturation
Black Culture and Values
Black Families
Black Couples
Interracial Couples
Black Children
Black Middle-class Individuals
Black Elderly Individuals
Gender
Black LGBTQ+ Individuals
General Mental Health Issues and Counseling Approaches
Common Support Systems for Black Individuals
Traditional (eurocentric) Counseling Approaches with Black Clients
An Afrocentric Psychological Perspective
Black Psychology
State of the Research: Black Individuals and Families
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 10 Individuals and Families of Arab and Arab American Descent
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Arab American Heterogeneity
Contemporary Social Perceptions and Discrimination Experiences
Arab American Culture and Values
Collectivism
Religion and Faith
Education, Work, and Socioeconomic Status
Communication Styles
Individual Differences and Identities
Acculturation
Ethnicity
Gender Identity
Risks and Resiliencies: Mental Health Issues Among Arab Americans
Oppression and Discrimination
Acculturative Stress
Ethnic and Gender Identity Development
Other Psychosocial Issues
State of the Research: Arab and Arab American Individuals and Families
Considerations in Counseling Arab Americans
Approach
Family and Community Involvement
Stigmas and Help-seeking Behaviors
Case Studies Revisited
Counseling Considerations Endnote
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 11 Individuals and Families of Asian and Asian American Descent
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Asian American History
Contemporary Forms of Discrimination
Asian American Heterogeneity
Asian American Culture and Values
Family
Gender Roles
Interpersonal Relationships
Intimacy and Marriage
Education
Religion
Death and Dying
Individual Differences and Identities
Immigration, Enculturation, and Acculturation
Ethnicity and Race
Gender Roles
Sexuality and Sexual Identity
General Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Asian and Asian American Descent
Psychopathology
Help Seeking and Coping
State of the Research: Asian and Asian American Individuals and Families
Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Asian and Asian American Descent
Counselor Self-assessment
Counseling Process
Conceptualization of the Problem
Intervention
Outreach and Nonclinical Visibility
Social Advocacy and Social Justice
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 12 Individuals and Families of Latin and Latin American Descent
Preview
Learning Outcomes
A Latin American History of Terminology
Latin American and Latino Heterogeneity
Mexicans
Puerto Ricans
Cubans
Caribbean Latinx/as/os and Central and South Americans
Latin American and Latinx/a/o Culture and Values
โSomos Inmigrantesโ (โwe Are Immigrantsโ)
Language
Religion and Spirituality
Resiliency
Gender Roles
Families of Latin and Latin American Descent
Interpersonal Relationships
Individual Differences and Identities
Immigration Status
Generational Status
Socioeconomic Status
Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Latin and Latin American Descent
Acculturative Stress
Grief and Loss
Experiences with Discrimination
Additional Concerns
Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Latin and Latin American Descent
Counseling Considerations for Children of Latin and Latin American Descent
Counseling Considerations for Adolescents of Latin and Latin American Descent
Counseling Considerations for Adults of Latin and Latin American Descent
State of the Research: Latin and Latin American Individuals and Families
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 13 Counseling Individuals and Families of Native American Descent
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Understanding Native Americans: Reflections Down by the Riverside
Who Are Native Americans?
Tribal Membership and Native American Identity
Native American History
Current Social, Economic, and Political Issues
Native American Sociocultural Characteristics Today
Cultural Preservation
Language Preservation
Gaming
Tribal Resources
Sacred Sites and Repatriation
Stereotypes and Mascot Issues
Native American Culture and Values
Overview of Native American Cultural Values and Cultural Identity
Humility
Sharing
Patience
Time
Communication Style
Harmony
Humor
Being
Elders
Native American Religions and Spirituality
Lessons of the Eagle Feather
State of the Research: Individuals and Families of Native American Descent
Counseling Native American Clients
Examining Bias and Gaps in Knowledge
Identity, Family, and Acculturation
Healing from Historical Trauma and the Impact of Oppression
Drawing on Values
Integrating Spirituality
Intersectionality Considerations
Therapeutic Environment
Culturally Specific Interventions
Working from a Social Justice and Advocacy Counseling Perspective
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 14 Individuals and Families of European and European American Descent
Preview
Learning Outcomes
European American History
The Early Colonial Period
European Immigration
Terminology
Development of a White American Ethnic Identity
The Melting Pot
The American Dream
The Creation of an American Heritage
Privilege, Oppression, and White Supremacy
Who Gets to Be White?
The Process of Becoming White
European American Heterogeneity
Recent European American Immigrants
Immigrants, Undocumented Immigrants, and Refugees
Immigration Stressors
Acculturation and Identity Deconstruction
Oppression and Discrimination
State of the Research: European and European American Individuals and Families
Counseling Considerations for White Individuals
Cultural Influences on Mental Health in White Clients
White Racial Identity Development
Intersectionality
Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling with White Clients
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 15 Individuals and Families of Multiracial Descent
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Terminology
Historical Perspectives
Interracial Marriages Today
Multiracial Identity Development
Multiracial Individuals and Intersectionality
Contemporary Social Perceptions, Salient Experiences, and Resilience
Individuals
Microaggressions and Resilience
Couples
Families
Considerations for Counseling Individuals of Multiracial Descent and Families
Counselor Self-awareness
Client Worldview
Counseling Relationship
Counseling and Advocacy Interventions
State of the Research: Multiracial Individuals and Families
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 16 Spiritual Diversity
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Religion and Spirituality in America
Spirituality and Religion Defined
Toward Defining Spirituality
Toward Defining Religion
Relationships Between Religion and Spirituality
Overview of Major World Religions
Eastern World Religions
Western World Religions
Experiences of Religious Oppression
All is One: Aspects Common to All Religions
Tenet 1: Spirit, by Whatever Name, Exists
Tenet 2: Spirit Is Found โin Here,โ Within an Open Heart and Mind
Tenet 3: Many/most Donโt Realize Spirit Within
Tenet 4: There Is a Path to Liberation
Tenet 5: If This Path Is Followed, the Result Is Rebirth or Enlightenment
Tenet 6: Rebirth or Enlightenment Results in the End of Suffering
Tenet 7: the End of Suffering Manifests in Social Actions of Mercy and Compassion
State of the Research: Spiritual Diversity
Special Considerations for Counseling
Approaching Client Spiritual Issues
Ethical Competence
Spiritual Bypass
Aservic Competencies
Summary
Review Questions
Section 4 Multicultural Conceptualization
Chapter 17 Using Counseling Theories in Multicultural Contexts
Preview
Learning Outcomes
Social and Cultural Foundations of Counseling Theory
Worldview Shaping Counseling
Transition from Worldview to Theory
Alternative Sources of Theory in Multicultural Counseling
Applications of Counseling Theory Across Cultures
Traditional Theoretical Frameworks in Counseling
Culturally Responsive Use of Traditional Theories
Culturally Responsive Counseling Theories
Counseling Theory and Approaches Based on Non-western Worldviews
State of the Research: Using Counseling Theories in Multicultural Contexts
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 18 Multicultural Diagnosis and Conceptualization
Preview
Learning Outcomes
The Challenge of Ethical Practice
Cultural Validity in Assessment
Normal Versus Abnormal
Overdiagnosis, Underdiagnosis, and Misdiagnosis
Sampling Bias
Culture and Psychopathology
Feminist Challenges
Prevalence Data of Diagnoses by Gender
Developmental Shifts in Prevalence Rates
Sex Bias in Diagnosis
Socialization and Mental Health
Social Conditions
Womenโs Trauma Experiences
Toward Solutions
Comprehensive Assessment
Universal and Culturally Specific Diagnoses
Other Culturally Astute Strategies
Feminist Analysis
Function of Symptoms in Context
Referral
State of the Research: Multicultural Diagnosis and Conceptualization
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies
References
Index