β Scribed by Subhash Reddy Gaddam
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Material
2.1 Metallurgical Fundamentals
2.2 Variety of Materials
2.2.1 Carbon Steel (CS)
2.2.2 Low Alloy Steel (LAS)
2.2.3 Stainless Steel (SS)
2.2.4 Nonferrous Alloys
2.2.5 Nonmetallic Materials
2.3 Material Selection
2.3.1 Criteria for Selection of Materials
2.3.2 Ductile and Brittle Materials
2.3.3 Chemical Effect of Fluid in Contact
2.3.4 Temperature
2.3.5 Pressure and Allowable Stress
2.4 Heat Treatment
2.4.1 Division of the Ferrous Material
2.4.2 Post-fabrication Heat Treatment
2.4.3 Post-weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
2.5 Non-destructive Testing (NDT) and Weld Efficiency
2.6 Impact Test and Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT)
2.7 Hydraulic Test (HT)
Reference
Chapter 3: Mechanical Design Basics
3.1 Basics
3.1.1 XYZ Coordinate Convention
3.1.2 Degrees of Freedom
3.1.3 Boundary Conditions
3.1.4 Load Condition
3.1.5 Transfer of Forces
3.1.6 Rotation of Axis
3.1.7 Free Body Diagram
3.1.8 Poissonβs Ratio
3.1.9 Moment of Inertia
3.1.10 Polar Moment of Inertia
3.1.11 Significant Figures in Numbers
3.2 Design Theories
3.2.1 Elasticity Theory and Hookβs Law
3.2.2 Plastic Theory
3.2.3 Beam Theory
3.3 Flexure or Beam Formulas
3.4 Deflection
3.4.1 Macaulayβs Method of Integration
3.4.2 Moment Area Method
3.4.3 Strain Energy Method
3.4.4 Castglianoβs Theorem
3.5 Long Shells with Three Supports
3.6 Loads
3.7 Stresses
3.7.1 Tensile
3.7.2 Compression
3.7.3 Shear Stress
3.7.3.1 Pure Shear
3.7.3.2 Transverse Shear Stress
3.7.3.3 Torsional Shear
3.7.4 Combined and Allowable Stress
3.7.5 Compression Bending
3.7.6 Fatigue
3.7.7 Brittle Fracture
3.7.8 Stress Concentration
3.8 Analysis Methods
3.8.1 Equilibrium Method
3.8.2 Integration Method
3.8.3 Theorem of Least Work
3.8.4 Experimental Method
3.8.5 Steps in Mechanical Design of Equipment
3.9 Elastic Failure Theories
3.9.1 Maximum Principal Stress Theory
3.9.2 Maximum Strain Theory
3.9.3 Maximum Shear Stress Theory
3.9.4 Theory of Constant Energy of Distortion (Von-Mises Theory)
3.10 Matrix Equation of the Beam Element
Reference
Chapter 4: Pressure Vessel Design Basics
4.1 General
4.1.1 Shape of the Shell
4.1.2 Pressure and Static Head
4.2 Loads
4.3 Membrane Theory
4.3.1 Shells of Revolution
4.3.2 Membrane Equation
4.4 Stresses
4.4.1 Stress Categorization
4.4.1.1 Primary Stresses
4.4.1.2 Secondary Stresses
4.4.1.3 Peak Stress F
4.4.2 Shear Stress in a Cylindrical Shell
4.4.3 Allowable Stresses
4.4.4 Thermal Stresses
Chapter 5: Internal Pressure
5.1 Cylindrical Parts
5.1.1 Circumferential Stress
5.1.2 Longitudinal Stress
5.1.3 Radial Stress
5.2 Spherical Parts
5.3 Conical Parts
5.4 Toroidal Shell and Tube Bend
5.5 End Closures
5.5.1 Flat
5.5.2 Hemispherical
5.5.3 Ellipsoidal
5.5.4 Torispherical
5.5.5 Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads with 0.0005 < t/L < 0.002
5.6 Failure Analysis
References
Chapter 6: External Pressure
6.1 Cylinder
6.1.1 Effects on Analysis for Variations in L / D and D / t Ratios
6.1.2 Critical Length
6.1.3 Critical Pressure
6.1.4 Strain Coincident to P c
6.1.5 Comparison of the above Equations with Code Equations
6.1.6 Design of a Circumferential Stiffener Ring
6.2 Hemispherical Head
6.3 Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads
6.4 Conical Parts
References
Chapter 7: Discontinuity Stresses
7.1 General
7.2 General Procedure
7.3 Cylindrical to Hemispherical Head
7.4 Cylinder to Other End Closures
7.4.1 Semiellipsoidal Head
7.4.2 Torispherical Head
7.4.3 Flat Plate
7.5 Cylinder to Cone
7.6 Analysis in the Cylinder for Edge Forces at any Distance from the Edge
7.7 Design Tips
References
Chapter 8: Local Stresses
8.1 Openings under Pressure
8.1.1 Analysis
8.1.2 Small Openings
8.1.3 Single Opening
8.1.3.1 Set through (Insert) Radial Nozzle
8.1.3.2 Set on Nozzle
8.1.3.3 Taper Nozzle
8.1.3.4 Pad Type Nozzles
8.1.3.5 Non-radial Nozzles
8.1.3.5.1 Hill Side Nozzle
8.1.3.5.2 Angular Nozzle
8.1.4 Multiple Openings
8.1.5 Continuous Openings (Ligaments)
8.1.6 Large Bore
8.1.7 Weld Strength
8.1.8 Local Stresses due to Opening in Other Shells and Heads
8.1.9 Opening in Shells Subjected to External Pressure
8.2 Local Stresses at the Junction in the Shell due to External Forces through Attachments including Nozzles
8.2.1 Cylindrical Shell
8.2.1.1 Cylindrical Attachment or Nozzle
8.2.1.2 Square/Rectangular Attachment
8.2.1.3 Limitations and Effects
8.2.2 Spherical Shell
8.2.2.1 Rigid Attachment
8.2.2.2 Hollow Attachment
8.3 Local Stresses in the cylindrical IN Shell and Nozzle at their Juncture due to External Force Tensor on the Nozzle
References
Chapter 9: Thermal Stresses and Piping Flexibility
9.1 Differential Movement
9.2 Basics of Thermal Stresses
9.3 Guided Cantilever
9.4 Simplified Analysis
9.4.1 3D Piping with Elements in Orthogonal Axes
9.4.2 3D Piping with Elements in any of the Three Axes
9.4.3 Code Comparison
9.4.4 Allowable Stress
9.5 Analysis from Basics
9.5.1 One-dimensional System
9.5.2 Two-dimensional System
9.5.3 Three-dimensional System
9.6 Formation of Flexibility Matrix of Shell (Pipe) Elements
9.6.1 Single Element in Plane Forces
9.6.2 3D System
9.6.2.1 Beam Theory
9.6.2.2 Castiglianoβs First Theorem
9.7 Formation of Flexibility Matrix for Bend Elements
Reference
Chapter 10: Flat-Plate Components
10.1 Flat Plate Theory
10.2 Circular Plates
10.2.1 Simply Supported
10.2.2 Clamped (fixed)
10.3 Rectangular Plates
10.3.1 Edges SS
10.3.2 Fixed Edges
10.3.3 Equations for Maximum Stress for Rectangular Plates
10.4 Circular Ring
10.4.1 Flat Ring under Internal Pressure with Both Edges Supported
10.4.2 Flat Ring under Internal Pressure with One Edge (Outer) Supported
10.5 Stiffeners
10.6 Rectangular Vessels
10.7 Tube Sheet
10.7.1 General
10.7.2 Attachment to Shells, Tubes, and Stays
10.7.3 Analysis
10.7.3.1 Pressure Areas of Stays and Stress in Stays
10.7.3.2 Unsupported Portions in the Tube Sheet
10.7.3.3 Diagonal Stay and Gussets
10.7.3.4 Flanged and Extended as Flange Tube Sheets
References
Chapter 11: Supports
11.1 Saddle
11.1.1 Longitudinal and Transverse Shear Stresses in the Shell
11.1.2 Analysis of the Saddle Reaction due to Wind/Seismic
11.1.3 Circumferential Stresses at the Saddle Section due to Saddle Reaction Q
11.1.4 Design Philosophy
11.1.5 Saddle Part Design
11.1.5.1 Splitting Force
11.1.5.2 Compressive and Bending Stress in Web and Rib
11.1.5.3 Bending Stress in Base Plate due to Base Pressure
11.2 Skirt
11.3 Leg and Lug Supports
11.4 Bolted Bracket
11.5 Base Plate
11.5.1 Rectangular Base Plate
11.5.2 Circular Ring Type Base Plate
11.5.3 Base Ring Thickness
11.6 Foundation Bolts
11.7 Rollers for Sliding Supports
11.8 Handling and Transport
11.8.1 Analysis
11.8.2 Transport
References
Chapter 12: Wind and Seismic
12.1 Wind
12.2 Earthquake
12.2.1 Rigid-Structure Approach (RSA)
12.2.2 Flexible Tall Structure Approach
12.3 Other Standards
12.3.1 UBC-1997
12.3.1.1 Wind Pressure Calculations
12.3.1.2 Seismic Base Shear Calculation
12.3.2 Australian and New Zeeland Standard AS/NZS 1170
12.3.3 American Standard ASCE
12.4 Application of Wind/Seismic Load
Chapter 13: Flanges
13.1 Basics of Flange Analysis
13.2 Selection of Parameters and their Influence on Flange Design
13.2.1 Circumferential Pitch of Bolts (P c)
13.2.2 Flange Width
13.2.3 Gasket
13.2.4 Philosophy of the Selection of Flange Parameters
13.3 Flange Analysis
13.3.1 Seating Condition
13.3.2 Operating Condition
13.4 Computation of Stresses in Flanges
13.4.1 Loose and Integral Flange
13.4.2 Full Faced Flange
13.4.3 Ring-type Joints
13.4.4 Lap Flange
13.4.5 Blind Flange
13.4.6 Rectangular Flange
13.4.6.1 Analysis in the Normal Direction
13.4.6.2 Analysis in the Tangential Direction
13.4.7 Standard Flanges
13.4.8 Other Flanges
References
Chapter 14: Vibration
14.1 General
14.2 Damaging Effects of Vibration
14.3 Natural Frequency
14.3.1 Tubes of the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
14.3.2 Tubes of the Tube Bank of Heat Exchanger
14.4 Vibration in Flat Plates
14.5 Tall Vessels like Chimneys
14.6 Flow-induced Frequencies and Vibration
14.6.1 Vortex Frequency
14.6.2 Buffeting Frequency
14.6.3 Acoustic Frequency
Reference
Chapter 15: Expansion Joints
15.1 Types of Expansion Joints: Circular or Rectangular and Non-metallic or Metallic
15.2 Unreinforced Bellows
15.2.1 Circumferential Membrane Stress in Convolution (Ο c) due to Pressure
15.2.2 Longitudinal Bending Stress (Ο 8) due to Pressure in Rectangular Bellows (N >1)
15.2.3 Meridian Membrane and Bending Stresses due to Pressure
15.2.4 Expansion Stress, Fatigue Life, and Spring Rate
15.2.5 Tangent and Collar
15.2.6 Instability due to Pressure
15.3 Reinforced Bellows
15.4 Movements
15.4.1 Axial
15.4.2 Angular Rotation
15.4.3 Lateral Displacement
15.4.4 Total Equivalent Axial Displacement Range per Convolution
15.4.5 Cold Pull
15.5 Factor Influence on Design
15.6 Vibration in Bellows
15.6.1 Internal Flow
15.6.2 Calculation of Natural Frequency (f n)
15.6.2.1 In Single Bellow
15.6.2.2 Universal Expansion Joint (Dual Bellow)
References
Index
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