Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Overview
Contents
What Is Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry?
Preface
Acknowledgments
Dedication
CHAPTER 1 The Electronic Structure of the Atom: A Review
Context: The Importance of the Lanthanoids
1.1 A Review of the Quantum Model
1.2 Shapes of the Atomic Orbitals
1.3 The Polyelectronic Atom
1.4 Ion Electron Configurations
1.5 Magnetic Properties of Atoms
CHAPTER 2 The Structure of the Periodic Table
Context: Bioinorganic Chemistry
2.1 Organization of the Modern Periodic Table
2.2 Existence of the Elements
2.3 Stability of the Elements and Their Isotopes
2.4 Classifications of the Elements
2.5 Periodic Properties: Atomic Radius
2.6 Periodic Properties: Ionization Energies
2.7 Periodic Properties: Electron Affinity
CHAPTER 3 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Spectroscopy
Context: The Greenhouse Effect
3.1 A Brief Review of Lewis Structures
3.2 Partial Bond Order
3.3 Formal Charge
3.4 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Rules
3.5 The Valence-Bond Concept
3.6 Introduction to Molecular Orbitals
3.7 Molecular Orbitals for Period 1 Diatomic Molecules
3.8 Molecular Orbitals for Period 2 Diatomic Molecules
3.9 Molecular Orbitals for Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
3.10 Network Covalent Substances
3.11 Intermolecular Forces
3.12 Molecular Symmetry
3.13 Symmetry and Vibrational Spectroscopy
3.14 The Bonding Continuum
CHAPTER 4 Metallic Bonding and Alloys
Context: Metal Matrix Composites
4.1 Metallic Bonding
4.2 Bonding Models
4.3 Structure of Metals
4.4 Unit Cells
4.5 Alloys
4.6 Nanometal Particles
4.7 Magnetic Properties of Metals
CHAPTER 5 Ionic Bonding and Solid State Structures
Context: Superconductivity and Ionic Compounds
5.1 The Ionic Model and the Size of Ions
5.2 Polarization and Covalency
5.3 Ionic Crystal Structures
5.4 Hydrated Salts
5.5 Isostructural Ionic Compounds
5.6 Perovskites
5.7 Spinels
5.8 Defects and Nonstoichiometry
CHAPTER 6 Why Compounds Exist—Inorganic Thermodynamics
Context: Against Convention: Ionic Compounds of Metal Ions
6.1 Thermodynamics of the Formation of Compounds
6.2 Formation of Ionic Compounds
6.3 Non-Existent Ionic Compounds
6.4 Thermodynamics of the Solution Process for Ionic Compounds
6.5 Lattice Energies and Comparative Ion Sizes and Charges
6.6 Formation of Covalent Compounds
6.7 Thermodynamic versus Kinetic Factors
CHAPTER 7 Solvent Systems and Acid-Base Behavior
Context: Green Solvents for the Future
7.1 Solvents
7.2 Bronsted-Lowry Acids
7.3 Trends in Acid-Base Behavior
7.4 Acid-Base Reactions of Oxides
7.5 Lewis Theory
7.6 Pearson Hard-Soft Acid-Base Concepts
7.7 Application of the HSAB Concept
7.8 Biological Aspects
CHAPTER 8 Oxidation and Reduction
Context: Unraveling Nature's Secrets
8.1 Redox Terminology
8.2 Oxidation Number Rules
8.3 Determination of Oxidation Numbers from Electronegativities
8.4 The Difference Between Oxidation Number and Formal Charge
8.5 Periodic Variations of Oxidation Numbers
8.6 Redox Equations
8.7 Quantitative Aspects of Half-Reactions
8.8 Electrode Potentials as Thermodynamic Functions
8.9 Latimer (Reduction Potential) Diagrams
8.10 Frost (Oxidation State) Diagrams
8.11 Pourbaix (Eθ-pH) Diagrams
8.12 Redox Synthesis
8.13 Biological Aspects
CHAPTER 9 Periodic Patterns
Context: Is the Periodic Table Only Groups and Periods?
9.1 Group Trends
9.2 Periodic Trends in Bonding
9.3 Isoelectronic Series in Covalent Compounds
9.4 The (n) Group and (n+10) Group Similarities
9.5 Diagonal Relationships
9.6 The "Knight's Move" Relationship
9.7 The Early Actinoid Relationships with Transition Metals
9.8 The Lanthanoid Relationships
9.9 "Combo" Elements
9.10 Biological Aspects
CHAPTER 10 Hydrogen
Context: Hydrogen Bond—The Real "Special Agent"
10.1 Isotopes of Hydrogen
10.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
10.3 Properties of Hydrogen
10.4 The Trihydrogen Ion
10.5 Hydrides
10.6 Water and Hydrogen Bonding
10.7 Clathrates
10.8 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 11 The Group 1 Elements: The Alkali Metals
Context: The Sodium Ion–Potassium Ion Balance in Living Cells
11.1 Group Trends
11.2 Features of Alkali Metal Compounds
11.3 Trends in Alkali Metal Oxides
11.4 Solubility of Alkali Metal Salts
11.5 Lithium
11.6 Sodium
11.7 Sodium Hydroxide
11.8 Sodium Chloride
11.9 Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
11.10 Potassium
11.11 Potassium Chloride
11.12 Ammonium Ion as a Pseudo–Alkali-Metal Ion
11.13 Biological Aspects
11.14 Element Reaction Flowcharts
CHAPTER 12 The Group 2 Elements: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Context: Calcium and Magnesium—Another Biological Balance
12.1 Group Trends
12.2 Features of Alkaline Earth Metal Compounds
12.3 Trends in Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides
12.4 Beryllium
12.5 Magnesium
12.6 Calcium Carbonate
12.7 Cement
12.8 Calcium Chloride
12.9 Calcium Sulfate
12.10 Calcium Carbide
12.11 Biological Aspects
12.12 Element Reaction Flowcharts
CHAPTER 13 The Group 13 Elements
Context: Aluminum—The Toxic Ion
13.1 Group Trends
13.2 Boron
13.3 Borides
13.4 Boranes
13.5 Boron Halides
13.6 Aluminum
13.7 Aluminum Halides
13.8 Aluminum Potassium Sulfate
13.9 Aluminides
13.10 Biological Aspects
13.11 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 14 The Group 14 Elements
Context: Cermets—The Toughest Materials
14.1 Group Trends
14.2 Contrasts in the Chemistry of Carbon and Silicon
14.3 Carbon
14.4 Isotopes of Carbon
14.5 Carbides
14.6 Carbon Monoxide
14.7 Carbon Dioxide
14.8 Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates
14.9 Carbon Sulfides
14.10 Carbon Halides
14.11 Methane
14.12 Cyanides
14.13 Silicon
14.14 Silicon Dioxide
14.15 Silicates
14.16 Aluminosilicates
14.17 Silicones
14.18 Tin and Lead
14.19 Biological Aspects
14.20 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 15 The Group 15 Elements: The Pnictogens
Context: The Essential Phosphorus-Oxygen Bond
15.1 Group Trends
15.2 Contrasts in the Chemistry of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
15.3 Overview of Nitrogen Chemistry
15.4 Nitrogen
15.5 Nitrogen Hydrides
15.6 Nitrogen Ions
15.7 The Ammonium Ion
15.8 Nitrogen Oxides
15.9 Nitrogen Halides
15.10 Nitrous Acid and Nitrites
15.11 Nitric Acid and Nitrates
15.12 Overview of Phosphorus Chemistry
15.13 Phosphorus
15.14 Phosphine
15.15 Phosphorus Oxides
15.16 Phosphorus Chlorides
15.17 Phosphorus Oxoacids and Phosphates
15.18 The Pnictides
15.19 Biological Aspects
15.20 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 16 The Group 16 Elements: The Chalcogens
Context: Macular Degeneration and Singlet Oxygen
16.1 Group Trends
16.2 Contrasts in the Chemistry of Oxygen and Sulfur
16.3 Allotropes of Oxygen
16.4 Oxygen and the Atmosphere
16.5 Bonding in Covalent Oxygen Compounds
16.6 Trends in Oxide Properties
16.7 Hydrogen Oxides
16.8 Hydroxides
16.9 Allotropes of Sulfur
16.10 Overview of Sulfur Chemistry
16.11 Hydrogen Sulfide
16.12 Sulfides
16.13 Sulfur Oxides
16.14 Sulfites
16.15 Sulfuric Acid
16.16 Sulfates and Hydrogen Sulfates
16.17 Other Oxosulfur Anions
16.18 Sulfur Halides
16.19 Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds
16.20 Selenium
16.21 Biological Aspects
16.22 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 17 The Group 17 Elements: The Halogens
Context: Experimenting with the Atmosphere—The Antarctic Ozone Hole
17.1 Group Trends
17.2 Contrasts in the Chemistry of Fluorine and the Other Halogens
17.3 Halides
17.4 Fluorine
17.5 Hydrogen Fluoride and Hydrofluoric Acid
17.6 Overview of Chlorine Chemistry
17.7 Chlorine
17.8 Hydrochloric Acid
17.9 Chlorine Oxides
17.10 Chlorine Oxoacids and Oxoanions
17.11 Interhalogen Compounds and Polyhalide Ions
17.12 Cyanide Ion as a Pseudo-halide Ion
17.13 Biological Aspects
17.14 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 18 The Group 18 Elements: The Noble Gases
Context: Helium—An Increasingly Rare Gas
18.1 Group Trends
18.2 Helium
18.3 Compounds of Helium, Argon, and Krypton
18.4 Xenon Fluorides
18.5 Xenon Oxides
18.6 Other Xenon Compounds
18.7 Biological Aspects
18.8 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 19 Transition Metal Complexes
Context: Platinum Complexes and Cancer Treatment
19.1 Transition Metals
19.2 Introduction to Transition Metal Complexes
19.3 Stereochemistries
19.4 Isomerism in Transition Metal Complexes
19.5 Naming Transition Metal Complexes
19.6 An Overview of Bonding Theories of Transition Metal Compounds
19.7 Crystal Field Theory
19.8 Successes of Crystal Field Theory
19.9 More on Electronic Structure
19.10 Ligand Field Theory
19.11 Thermodynamic versus Kinetic Factors
19.12 Synthesis of Coordination Compounds
19.13 Reaction Mechanisms
19.14 Coordination Complexes and the Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) Concept
19.15 Biological Aspects
CHAPTER 20 The 3d Transition Metals
Context: Iron Is at the Core of Everything
20.1 Overview of the 3d Transition Metals
20.2 Group 4: Titanium
20.3 The Vanadium-Chromium-Manganese Triad
20.4 Group 5: Vanadium
20.5 Group 6: Chromium
20.6 Group 7: Manganese
20.7 The Iron-Cobalt-Nickel Triad
20.8 Group 8: Iron
20.9 Group 9: Cobalt
20.10 Group 10: Nickel
20.11 Group 11: Copper
20.12 Biological Aspects
20.13 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 21 The 4d and 5d Transition Metals
Context: Silver Is a Killer
21.1 Comparison of the Transition Metals
21.2 Features of the Heavy Transition Metals
21.3 Group 4: Zirconium and Hafnium
21.4 Group 5: Niobium and Tantalum
21.5 Group 6: Molybdenum and Tungsten
21.6 Group 7: Technetium, and Rhenium
21.7 The Platinum Group Metals
21.8 Group 8: Ruthenium and Osmium
21.9 Group 9: Rhodium and Iridium
21.10 Group 10: Palladium and Platinum
21.11 Group 11: Silver and Gold
21.12 Biological Aspects
CHAPTER 22 The Group 12 Elements
Context: Zinc Oxide Can Save Your Skin!
22.1 Group Trends
22.2 Zinc and Cadmium
22.3 Mercury
22.4 Biological Aspects
22.5 Element Reaction Flowchart
CHAPTER 23 Organometallic Chemistry
Context: The Extreme Toxicity of Dimethylmercury
23.1 Introduction to Organometallic Compounds
23.2 Naming Organometallic Compounds
23.3 Counting Electrons
23.4 Solvents for Organometallic Chemistry
23.5 Main Group Organometallic Compounds
23.6 Organometallic Compounds of the Transition Metals
23.7 Transition Metal Carbonyls
23.8 Synthesis and Properties of Simple Metal Carbonyls
23.9 Reactions of Transition Metal Carbonyls
23.10 Other Carbonyl Compounds
23.11 Complexes with Phosphine Ligands
23.12 Complexes with Alkyl, Alkene, and Alkyne Ligands
23.13 Complexes with Allyl and 1,3-Butadiene Ligands
23.14 Metallocenes
23.15 Complexes with n6-Arene Ligands
23.16 Complexes with Cycloheptatriene and Cyclooctatetraene Ligands
23.17 Fluxionality
23.18 Organometallic Complexes in Industrial Synthesis
23.19 Biological Aspects
CHAPTER 24 The Rare Earth, Actinoid, and Postactinoid Elements
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Thermodynamic Properties of Some Selected Inorganic Compounds
Appendix 2 Charge Densities of Selected Ions
Appendix 3 Selected Bond Energies
Appendix 4 Ionization Energies of Selected Metals
Appendix 5 Electron Affinities of Selected Nonmetals
Appendix 6 Selected Lattice Energies
Appendix 7 Selected Hydration Enthalpies
Appendix 8 Selected Ionic Radii
PHOTO CREDITS
INDEX