Dendritic Spines: Structure, Function, and Plasticity (Advances in Neurobiology, 34)

✍ Scribed by Alberto A. Rasia-Filho (editor), Maria Elisa Calcagnotto (editor), Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 511
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This reference provides detailed coverage of dendritic spines, the fascinating neuronal components that modulate synaptic transmission, development, strength, and plasticity and are involved in the function of multiple areas of the nervous system. The density, shape, and function of spines may indicate the cellular connectivity and synaptic plasticity in normal and pathological conditions. This field has undergone dramatic advances in terms of techniques and experimental findings from in vitro to in vivo data, from animal models to human neurons, and computational models using artificial intelligence. To address these cutting-edge findings, the book provides state-of-the-art, comprehensive coverage with chapters written by the leading international researchers in the field. The authors consider the multiple implications for the study of dendritic spines with broad implications in the neurosciences and related areas.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: What Are Dendritic Spines?
1.1 The Discovery of Small Neuronal Protrusions and the Search for the Biological Meaning of Dendritic Spines
1.1.1 Spiny Neurons and Synaptic Features
1.1.2 Dendritic Spine Morphology
1.1.3 Spine Structure and Function
1.2 Dendritic Spines Increase the Neuronal Connectivity for Site-Specific Functions in Neural Circuits
1.3 Dendritic Spines as Specialized Postsynaptic Units: Integrating Molecules, Biochemical Compartmentalization, and Local Biophysical Properties
1.3.1 Molecules and Biochemical Signaling Pathways
1.3.2 Biophysical Properties of Spines
1.4 Some Examples of Plasticity Involving Dendritic Spines and Neural Circuits
1.5 Dendritic Spines and Current Research Advancements
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Techniques to Render Dendritic Spines Visible in the Microscope
2.1 Introduction: Their Discovery
2.2 Methods and Microscopes
2.3 Electron Microscopy
2.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.3.2 Volume Transmission Electron Microscopy and 3D Reconstruction
2.3.3 Volume Scanning Electron Microscopy and 3D Reconstruction
2.4 Light Microscopy: Golgi Metallic Silver Staining
2.4.1 Golgi-Kopsch Procedure
2.4.2 Notes on Golgi Metallic Staining
2.5 Dendritic Spine Visualization Through Intracellular Injection
2.5.1 Intracellular Injection Procedure
2.5.2 Processing After Intracellular Injection
2.6 Lipophilic Carbocyanine Dye Staining
2.6.1 Application of Lipophilic Dye
2.7 DiOlistic Labeling of Neurons
2.8 Genetic Engineering: GFP Expression and Accumulation in Neurons
2.9 Transported Virus as Marker
2.9.1 Viruses Carrying a Fluorescent Protein-Coding Gene as Their Payload
2.10 Light Microscopic Imaging of Spines Is Diffraction Sensitive
2.10.1 Imaging of Spines with a Conventional CLSM
2.10.2 Working with Voxels
2.11 The Future Is Already Here: Super-Resolution Microscopy
References
Chapter 3: Electrophysiology of Dendritic Spines: Information Processing, Dynamic Compartmentalization, and Synaptic Plasticity
3.1 Dendritic Spine Electrophysiology
3.1.1 Backpropagating Action Potentials and Synaptic Potentials in Dendritic Spine
3.2 Dendritic Spines as Dynamic Compartments
3.2.1 Biochemical Compartmentalization
3.2.2 Electrical Compartmentalization
3.3 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Dendritic Spines Related to Synaptic Plasticity
3.3.1 Dynamics of Receptors in Spines During Long-Term Potentiation
3.3.2 Dynamics of Receptors in Spines During Long-Term Depression
3.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Dendritic Spines: Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Pruning for the Developmental Organization of Brain Circuits
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overproduction and Elimination as a Regular Developmental Event During Formation of Neural Circuitry
4.2.1 Neuronal Death During Regular Development
4.2.2 Dendritic and Axon Overgrowth
4.2.3 Synaptic Elimination at the Neuromuscular Junction
4.3 Role of Activity in the Formation and Maintenance of Synaptic Spines: Selective Synaptic Stabilization Hypothesis
4.3.1 Modifying Synaptic “Strength” Without Changing the Network Architecture
4.3.2 Structural Features and Lifelong Changes in Dendritic Spines
4.3.3 Role of Neuronal Activity in Formation of Neural Circuits and Experience-Dependent Synaptic Spine Plasticity
4.3.4 Epigenesis During Neurodevelopment—Environmental Role in Shaping Cortical Circuits via the Selection and Stabilization of Synaptic Connections
4.4 Synaptogenesis in the Human Fetal Cerebral Cortex
4.4.1 Early Appearance of Synapses in the Dorsal Telencephalon (Cortical Anlage)
4.4.2 Laminar and Circuitry Organization During the Middle Trimester of Gestation
4.4.3 Synaptogenesis in the Last Trimester of Gestation and Appearance of Dendritic Spines
4.4.4 Synaptic-Driven Telencephalic Activity During Gestation
4.5 Synaptic Overproduction During Development of the Cerebral Cortex
4.5.1 Synaptic Development in the Human
4.5.2 Synaptic Development in the Monkey
4.5.3 Synchronous Versus Hierarchical Synaptic Development
4.5.4 Stages of Cortical Synaptic Development
4.6 Changes in Dendritic Spine Number on Cortical Neurons in Human and Monkey
4.7 Dendritic Spine Development of Principal Neurons in the Human Prefrontal Cortex
References
Chapter 5: Neurotrophic Factors and Dendritic Spines
5.1 Dendritic Spines
5.2 Neurotrophic Factors
5.2.1 Neurotrophins
5.2.1.1 Dendritic Spines and BDNF Signaling
5.2.1.2 Dendritic Spines and NGF Signaling
5.2.1.3 Dendritic Spines and Signaling via the Pan-Neurotrophin p75NTR Receptor
5.2.2 Ephrins
5.2.2.1 Ephrin A Receptors (EphA)
5.2.2.2 Ephrin B Receptors (EphB)
5.2.3 Epidermal Growth Factor Family
5.2.4 Fibroblast Growth Factors
5.2.5 Ghrelin and Insulin
5.2.6 Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
5.2.7 Insulin-Like Growth Factor
5.2.8 Leptin
5.2.9 PACAP
5.2.10 TGF-ß Superfamily
5.3 Dendritic Spines and Neurotrophic Factors
References
Chapter 6: Glial Cell Modulation of Dendritic Spine Structure and Synaptic Function
6.1 Relevance of Glial Cells to Neural Cytoarchitecture and Function
6.2 Glial Cell Features in Neural Circuits
6.2.1 Morphological Features and Functional Implications for Complex Astrocytes (Including Human Glial Cells)
6.3 Structural and Functional Relationships Between Glial Cells, Dendritic Spines, and Synaptic Plasticity
6.3.1 Motility of Perisynaptic Astrocytic Processes Toward Dendritic Spines
6.3.2 Glial Cells Modulate Function from Synapses to Neural Circuits and Behavior
6.4 Synaptic Modulation by Glial Cells: Integrating Multiple Functions
6.4.1 Astrocyte–Dendritic Spine Interaction
6.4.2 NG2 Cell–Dendritic Spine Interaction
6.4.3 Microglia–Dendritic Spine Interaction
6.5 Glial Cells, Dendritic Spines, and Neurotrophic Factors
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Dendritic Spines in Learning and Memory: From First Discoveries to Current Insights
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Discovery of Dendritic Spines, and the Early Hypothesis of Morphological Plasticity
7.2.1 First Report, First Question
7.2.2 The Hypothesis of Morphological Plasticity
7.2.3 Proposed Mechanisms for Changes in Connectivity
7.2.4 Conclusion
7.3 Dendritic Spines, Plasticity, and Cognition: Setting Up the Stage
7.3.1 Synaptic Nature of Dendritic Spines and Paradigms for the Study of Plasticity
7.3.2 Plasticity as Recovery After Lesion
7.3.3 Experience-Dependent Plasticity
7.3.4 Correlates of Intellectual Disability and Learning Deficits in Postmortem Brains
7.3.5 Morphological Counterpart of Long-Term Potentiation
7.3.6 Conclusion
7.4 Beyond Numbers and Shapes
7.4.1 What Can Be Inferred from the Observation of Dendritic Spines
7.4.2 Dendritic Spines Indicate Excitatory Synapse Density
7.4.3 Dendritic Spines Bring an Incomplete Picture
7.4.4 The Meaning of the Morphology
7.4.5 Conclusion
7.5 Dendritic Spines, Motility, and Stability Compatible with Learning Process
7.5.1 Live Imaging Unravels Spine Dynamics
7.5.2 Transition from Ex Vivo to In Vivo Spine Imaging
7.5.3 Spontaneous In Vivo Spine Dynamics: From High Motility During Development to Stability in Adult Brain
7.5.4 Conclusion
7.6 Spine Plasticity, Clustered Spinogenesis, and Formation of Synaptic Contacts in Correlation with Learning and Memory
7.6.1 From Synaptic Plasticity to Learning and Memory
7.6.2 Structural Synaptic Plasticity
7.6.3 Increased Spine Formation/Elimination Rate Following Learning Tasks
7.6.4 From Clustered Dendritic Activity to Clustered Spinogenesis in Adult Neurons
7.6.5 Spine Formation, One Step After the Other Toward an Axonal Bouton
7.6.6 Conclusion
7.7 Causal Role of Structural Spine Plasticity in Memory and Disease
7.7.1 An Old Question That Waited for New Technologies
7.7.2 Evidence for a Direct Causal Link Between Spines and Learning
7.7.3 Mental Disorders and Spine Remodeling in the Adult Brain
7.8 General Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Steroid Hormone Interaction with Dendritic Spines: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disease
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dendritic Spines
8.2.1 Steroids and Dendritic Spine Plasticity: Estrogens
8.2.2 Gonadal Steroids and Dendritic Spine Plasticity: Androgens
8.3 Mechanism of Gonadal Steroid Action on Dendritic Spines
8.4 Dendritic Spine Plasticity and Gonadal Steroids: Potential Clinical Importance
8.4.1 Sex Differences in the Brain
8.5 Dendritic Spine Plasticity, Gonadal Steroids, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
8.5.1 Depression
8.5.2 Schizophrenia
8.5.3 Alzheimer’s Disease
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Morphological Features of Human Dendritic Spines
9.1 The Evolved Brain Structure: Cells and Circuits
9.1.1 Dendritic Morphology
9.1.1.1 Wiring Properties Involving Dendritic Spines
9.2 Phylogenetic Specialization of Dendrites and Spines in Humans
9.2.1 Some Differences Between Humans and Other Commonly Studied Species
9.2.2 Evidence for Specialized Synaptic Processing in Humans
9.2.3 Human Dendritic Spines
9.3 Ontogenetic Development and Changes in Dendritic Spines in Humans
9.3.1 Human Dendritic Spines Change from Prenatal to Elderly
9.4 Dendritic Spines in Human Cortical and Subcortical Areas Show Heterogeneous Morphological Features
9.4.1 Multiple Possibilities for Modulation of Human Dendritic Spines
9.4.2 Spinal Cord
9.4.3 Brainstem and Cerebellum
9.4.4 Thalamus and Basal Ganglia
9.4.5 Amygdala
9.4.6 Hippocampus and Neocortex
9.5 Human Spine Features Revealed by Further Microscopic Techniques
9.5.1 Topology and Ultrastructure of Human Dendritic Spines
9.6 Some Examples of Altered Dendritic Spines in Human Neuropathological Conditions
9.6.1 Additional Data on Alzheimer’s Disease
9.7 Final Remarks and Perspectives
References
Index