Table of Contents......Page 10
Table of Abbreviations......Page 18
Biographical Note......Page 22
Preface by M. Cherif Bassiouni......Page 24
Foreword......Page 30
Acknowledgments......Page 32
Introduction......Page 34
1 Introduction......Page 40
2 The Rationale of Defenses in International Litigation......Page 41
3 Nature of International Criminal Law and Mens Rea......Page 42
4 Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law......Page 57
5 Susceptibility of Defenses in International Criminal Law to Domestic Criminal Law Elements......Page 58
6 Applicability of Domestic Classification of Defenses to International Criminal Law......Page 61
7 Defenses in International Criminal Law Derived from National Laws of the World's Legal Systems......Page 62
8 Legal Methodology to Identify International Criminal Law Defenses......Page 63
1 Evolutionary Stages......Page 68
2.1 Expression of Principle of Individual Criminal Responsibility......Page 72
2.2 Command Responsibility and Superior Orders: Correlative Concepts?......Page 73
2.3 The General Scope of the Defense of Superior Orders: The Law of the Case......Page 75
2.4 The Specific Scope of the Defense of Superior Orders Within the ICC: Conception of Mens Rea......Page 77
2.5 The Applicability of the Defense of Superior Orders to Civilians in International Armed Conflicts......Page 79
2.6 Concurrence of Duress and Superior Orders......Page 82
3.1 Introduction......Page 85
3.2 Duress as Defense to Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity......Page 89
3.3 Institutionalizing Duress as a Defense Before International Criminal Tribunals......Page 96
4.1 Exclusion of Any Exonerative Status......Page 99
4.2 Counterpart to the (Non-)Defense of Superior Orders......Page 101
1.1 New Aspects and the Special Nature of Self-Defense in International Criminal Law......Page 102
1.2.1 Introduction......Page 103
1.2.2 The Implementation of Self-Defense Laws in International Criminal Law......Page 104
1.2.3.1 The Controversy Between the Subjective and Objective Approaches......Page 105
1.2.3.2 The Principle of "(No) Retreat"......Page 108
1.2.4 Conclusion......Page 110
1.3.1 The Argument of Independent Assessment......Page 111
1.3.2 The Argument of Customary International Law Status......Page 112
1.3.3 Codificatory Problems of the Scope of Article 31(1)(c)......Page 114
1.3.4 Self-Defense to War Crimes and Military Necessity......Page 115
2.1 Introduction......Page 119
2.2.1 Necessity in International Crimes: Duress of Circumstances......Page 122
2.2.2 War Crimes and Choice of Evils......Page 124
2.2.3 Conclusion......Page 128
2.3.2 The Use of Force in the Course of Preventing Crime: Exonerative Status as to War Crimes Charges?......Page 129
2.4.1 Necessity: Balancing Jus Cogens Norms......Page 131
2.4.2 Necessity: Exces......Page 138
2.5 Conclusion......Page 139
3 The Defense of Consent to Sexual Assault and Mistake of Fact......Page 140
4.1 Comparative Criminal Law and Interdisciplinary Relationships......Page 144
4.2 Mental Disease or Defect and International Crimes......Page 148
4.3 The Case Law of the ICTY Regarding Mental Disease or Defect......Page 151
4.4.1 Introduction: A Neurotoxicological Framework......Page 153
4.4.2 Neurotoxicological Interrelationships with International Criminal Law......Page 154
4.4.3 Intoxication Otherwise than by Alcohol or Dangerous Drugs......Page 159
4.4.4 Intoxication Causing Mental Disease or Defect......Page 160
4.4.5 Intoxication Induced with the Intention of Committing Crime......Page 161
4.4.7 Summary: Individual Assessment of Neurotoxicological Defenses to International Crimes......Page 162
5 Genetic Defenses and Neurobiological Relationships to the Defense of Duress to International Crimes......Page 163
1 Introduction: The Lack of Cohesion Relating to the Admissibility of Defenses Before International and Hybrid Criminal Tribunals......Page 166
2.1 The Defense of Heads of State Immunity......Page 167
2.2 Superior Orders......Page 168
2.3 The Defense of Duress......Page 169
2.4 The Defense of Necessity......Page 173
2.5 Military Necessity......Page 175
2.6 Self-Defense......Page 176
2.7.2 ICC Statutory IntoxicationβCriteria......Page 178
2.8.1 The ICTY Approach......Page 179
2.8.3 The Interrelationship of and Concurrence Between Mental DiseaseβIntoxication Defense......Page 181
2.9 The Defense of Mistake of Fact and Law......Page 182
3 Conclusions: Towards a Cohesive and Equal Application of International Criminal Law Defenses......Page 183
1 Introduction......Page 186
2 Command Responsibility: Concurrence of State Responsibility and Individual Superior Responsibility......Page 187
3.1 International Criminal Law Criteria for Command Responsibility......Page 188
3.2.1.1 Effective Control......Page 192
3.2.2.2 Knowledge......Page 193
3.2.2 Superior's Physical Presence as a Psychological Factor for Superior Responsibility......Page 196
3.2.3 Superior's ?Physical Location: An Overview......Page 197
3.3 The Blas?ki"c ICTY Appeals Chamber Ruling......Page 198
4.2 Alignment of United Nations and NATO with International Humanitarian Law......Page 200
4.3 Multinational Command Structure......Page 203
5 The Legal Basis of Institutional Liability to War Crimes in Multinational Military Operations......Page 206
6 Simultaneous Individual Command Responsibility for War Crimes in Multinational Military Operations......Page 208
7 Criminal Responsibility and Various Forms of Multinational Military Mandates......Page 209
8.1 Introduction......Page 211
8.2 Multinational Rules of Engagement: Direct Sources of Customary International Law or the Law of the Soldier?......Page 212
8.3 Multinational Rules of Engagement and Superior Responsibility......Page 216
8.4 Multinational Rules of Engagement and Criminal (Superior) Exoneration......Page 217
8.5 The Transformation of Rules of Engagement into (International) Criminal Law Norms: The Case of Prosecutor v. Eric O......Page 219
8.6 Multinational Rules of Engagement in Maritime (Law Enforcement) Operations......Page 223
8.7 Multinational Rules of Engagement and Principles of Legality: Conclusion......Page 227
9 Summary and Conclusions......Page 228
1 Introduction......Page 230
2.1 The Restrictive Approach on Duress of the Ad Hoc Tribunals......Page 231
2.2.1 Superior Responsibility as Prerequisite to the Defense of Superior Orders......Page 233
2.2.3 Interaction of Superior Orders and Duress......Page 237
3 The Principles of Legality and the Rationae Materiae of Supranational Defenses......Page 239
4 The Concept of Justifications and Excuses......Page 241
5 The Principle of Individuality and Mens Rea: Inductive Method......Page 244
6 The Principle of Equal Application as to Legal Defenses......Page 247
7 Absence of a Specific Rule of International Criminal Law; Prevalence of the General Rule on Duress in Case of Killing......Page 248
8 Duress as a Defense to War Crimes: Free Will and Policy Considerations......Page 250
9 Concurrence of the Defense of Superior Orders and Supranational Mandates as to Multinational Peacekeeping and Enforcement Operations......Page 251
10.1 Introduction......Page 253
10.3 Use of Force During Multinational Operations......Page 254
10.4 Use of Force and the Spectrum of Conflict......Page 255
10.5 Nature of Multinational Rules of Engagement......Page 256
10.6 Rules of Engagement Principles as to Self-Defense by Individuals......Page 257
10.7 Controlling the Use of Force and (Individual) Self-Defense Through Multinational Rules of Engagement......Page 259
10.8 Summary and Overview......Page 261
11.1 Introduction......Page 262
11.2 Necessity and Prevention of Crime: Limiting Military Obedience and the Basis for Military Peace and Law Enforcement......Page 263
11.3 Summary......Page 264
12 Concluding Remarks: The Principles of Reasonableness, Fairness and Good Faith......Page 265
1 Introduction......Page 268
2 The Use of Force by States and the New Concept of "Forcible Humanitarian Intervention"......Page 270
3.1 Introduction......Page 271
3.2 Contextual or Absolutist Approach?......Page 272
3.3 Forcible Humanitarian Intervention as Contextual Exception......Page 273
3.4 Legal Requirements of Humanitarian Forcible Intervention as Contextual Exception......Page 275
3.5 The Kosovo Intervention: Evidence of Opinio Juris?......Page 277
3.6 States' Use of Force to Redress Gross Violations of Human Rights: A Debatable New Norm......Page 278
4 The Concept of Anticipatory Self-Defense as a Contextual Element of Humanitarian Intervention......Page 279
5.1 Introduction......Page 281
5.2 International Criminal Law and the Inclusion or Exclusion of Individual Self-Defense to War Crimes......Page 282
6 The Contextual Model and the Subjective Nature of Self-Defense......Page 283
7 Conclusions and Summary......Page 286
8 Critical Remarks or Questions......Page 288
1 Introduction: The Individual as a Subject of International Law Ensuring Procedural Rights......Page 290
2 The Procedural Role of the Principle of Fairness......Page 291
3.1 Introduction......Page 292
3.3 Fair Trial and Equality of Arms......Page 293
3.5 Fair Trial and Moral Integrity of the Criminal Justice Process......Page 295
3.6 Conclusion......Page 296
4 The Principle of Fairness and Defenses......Page 297
5 Admissibility and Burden of Proof......Page 298
6.1 Introduction......Page 301
6.2 Previous Case Law......Page 302
6.3 The Case of T. and V. v. United Kingdom: Adoption of Another View on the Principle of "Effective Participation"?......Page 305
6.4 The Origin of Effective Participation in the Right to Adversarial Proceedings; Distinction from Effective Legal Assistance......Page 307
6.5 Effective Participation: Further Independent Assessment Based upon Functional or Teleological Interpretation......Page 308
6.6 The Right to Legal Assistance in the Jurisprudence of the ICTY and ICTR......Page 311
6.7 Implementation of the Principle of Effective Participation in a Broader Perspective......Page 313
6.8 Conclusions......Page 315
7.1 The Present Method for Judging Duress......Page 316
7.2 Neurobiological View on Mental Resistance or Mental Compulsion......Page 317
7.3 Direct Genetic Influences on Duress?......Page 320
7.4.1 An Aggressive Component in Affective Offenses: Genes for Aggression?......Page 321
7.4.2 Molecular Genetics of Affective Crimes......Page 322
7.4.3 Genetic Defenses and (International) Affective Crimes......Page 324
8 Expansion of Scientific Expert Witnesses Regarding International Criminal Law Defenses......Page 325
9 Raising International Criminal Law Defenses for Mitigating Purposes......Page 330
1 The International Rule of Law......Page 334
2 International Due Process: Both Principle and Cornerstone for International Criminal Law Defenses......Page 338
3.1 Introduction......Page 339
3.2 Statutory International Defense Assignments and the Rule of Law......Page 341
3.3 International Political Defense Borders......Page 344
3.4 International Code of Conduct for Defense and Prosecution: Sequel to International Due Process......Page 345
3.5 Towards a New Perception of the Position of the International Criminal Defense Counsel: Implications of His or Her Role in Ensuring Legal Defenses......Page 349
4.2 Prevalence of the Law of the Case......Page 353
4.3 Conclusion: Exclusion of a General Rule of Non-Application of Certain International Defenses......Page 355
Selected Bibliography......Page 358
Index......Page 368
