Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
1 Decolonising Peace in the Anthropocene: Introduction Towards an Alternative Understanding of Peace and Security
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Gandhi’s Socio-Political Imaginary for Decolonisation
1.1.2 Occidental Peace as a Measure of Colonial Interests
1.1.3 Anthropocene and Globalisation: Start and Impacts
1.1.4 Patriarchy, Colonialism and Neoliberal Postcolonialism
1.1.5 Decolonising Science, Thinking and New Social Representations
1.1.6 Research Questions
1.1.7 Structure and Organisation of This Chapter
1.2 Why Decolonising Peace?
1.2.1 Internal Colonialism
1.2.2 The Realist Approach to Peace
1.2.3 The Liberal Approach to Peace
1.2.4 Natural Resources and Ecological Peace
1.2.5 Cultural Diversity of Peace
1.2.6 Engendered Diverse Peace: A Cosmopolitical Approach to Peace
1.3 The Anthropocene May Pose Severe Survival Threats
1.3.1 Proxy Wars and Resource Depletion: Conflicts on the Nexus of Water, Soil, Food and Energy
1.3.2 Militarised Borders, Refugees and Migrants
1.4 From an Unipolar World Towards Diverse Decolonised Systems
1.4.1 The Global South is Left Alone, Indebted and Poor
1.5 Content of the Book
1.5.1 Peace Ecology in the Anthropocene
1.5.2 Transformative and Participative Peace: A Theoretical and Methodological Proposal of an Epistemology for Peace and Conflict Studies
1.5.3 Peaceful Societies Through Social Cohesion? the Power of Paradigms for Normative and Interdisciplinary Research
1.5.4 The National and Universal Importance of the Non-violent Policy of Mohandas K. Gandhi
1.5.5 Disobedient Peace: Non-cooperation with Inhuman Orders
1.5.6 Risks, Mitigation and Adaptation to Urban Climate Change Impacts in the Global South from a Gender Perspective
1.5.7 Conflicts in Kenya: Drivers of Conflicts and Assessing Mitigation Measures
1.5.8 Human Rights and Sexual Abuse of the Girl-Child in Nigeria: Implications for Development
1.5.9 The Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Nigeria’s Open Space: Taming the Tide
1.5.10 Climate Rituals: Cultural Response for Climate Change Adaptations in Africa
1.5.11 Ethnically-Charged Wartime Sexual Violence: The Agony of the South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda
1.5.12 Traditional Conflict and Peacemaking Processes: The Case of Kurdish Tribes in Mardin, Turkey
1.5.13 Family Shame and Eloping Couples: A Hindustani Warp in Time – Steps in Progress Towards Non-violence
1.5.14 We Are not Victims: The Roma, an Outdoor Art Gallery and the Same Old Story – Critical Thinking in Communication for Development
1.5.15 A Discourse on the Norms and Ideologies of Peacekeeping
1.5.16 Governance by Violent Non-state Actors as a Challenge to Sustainable Peace in Brazil
1.6 Art of Peace: Cultural Practices and Peacebuilding in Mexico
1.6.1 Grass-Roots Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: A Case Study of Mosintuwu Women’s School in the Poso District in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
1.6.2 Hydro-Diplomacy Towards Peace Ecology: The Case of the Indus Water Treaty Between India and Pakistan
1.6.3 Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Implications for Regional Security
1.6.4 An Unsustainable Price: The Opportunity Costs of Transitional Justice
1.6.5 Simultaneous Intervention Strategies at Local Ecosystems for Sustainable Development Goals and Peace: Design and Systems Perspectives
1.6.6 Citizen-Led Assessment and the Participatory Approach to Peace Education in Nepal
1.6.7 Can Infrastructure-Based Development Bring Peace to West Papua?
References
Part IPeace Research Epistemology for the Anthropocene
2 Peace Ecology in the Anthropocene
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Research Questions
2.1.2 Theoretical Framework and Research Methods
2.1.3 Structure of the Chapter
2.2 “We Are Now in the Anthropocene”
2.2.1 The Industrial Revolution as the Start of the Anthropocene?
2.2.2 The Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution as the Start of the ‘Thin’ Anthropocene
2.2.3 The Impacts of the Columbian Exchange (1492–1600) and the Copernican Revolution
2.2.4 Almogordo: The Nuclear Age with Its Nuclear Fallout as a Major Marker of the Transition from the Holocene to the Anthropocene
2.2.5 The Great Acceleration (1950)
2.2.6 Decision-Making on the Anthropocene Within the Community and Institutions of the Global Organisations of Geologists
2.3 Conceptual Mapping of the Anthropocene Concept
2.3.1 The Anthropocene Concept: Similar Earlier Concepts and Proposed Alternative Concepts
2.4 The Anthropocene: A Turning Point, Context and Challenge for Science and Politics
2.4.1 The Anthropocene as a Turning Point in Earth and Human History
2.4.2 The End of World War II, the Anthropocene and the Nuclear Era as a Context in Earth and Human History
2.4.3 The Anthropocene as a Challenge for Present and Future Scientific Research and for Societal, Economic and Political Action
2.5 Rethinking Peace and Peace Research in the Anthropocene
2.5.1 The Evolution of the ‘Peace Concept’ Through History in Different Cultures, Religions, and Scientific Disciplines in the Social Sciences and Humanities
2.5.2 Evolution of Peace Research Since 1919–2020
2.5.3 Rethinking Peace During the Cold War (1945–1990), in the Post-Cold War Era and in the Anthropocene
2.5.4 Three International Peace Research Organisations: IPRA, PSS(I), and ISA-PEACE
2.5.5 Reconceptualising Peace in the Post-Cold War Era (1990–2020) and the Anthropocene (Since 2000)
2.6 Evolution and Rethinking Ecology Concepts and Approaches in the Anthropocene
2.6.1 Widening Ecology
2.6.2 Human Ecology
2.6.3 Political Ecology
2.6.4 Social Ecology
2.6.5 Ecofeminism
2.6.6 From Landscape Ecology to ‘Geoecology’
2.6.7 Political Geoecology
2.7 Bridge-Building Between Peace Research and Ecology
2.7.1 From the Bouldings to the Brundtland Report: Addressing Linkages Between Peace, Security and the Environment
2.7.2 Arthur Westing: A Pioneer in the Study of Environmental Impacts of Conflicts and Wars and UNEP’s Case Studies
2.7.3 The Conceptual Debate on Environmental and Ecological Security: Scientific Discourse and Policy Debate
2.7.4 Impact of Environmental Scarcity, Degradation and Stress on Environmental Conflict: Bächler and Homer-Dixon
2.7.5 Environmental Peacemaking and Post-conflict Peacebuilding
2.7.6 Scientific Discourse and Policy Debate on Climate Change, Security and Conflicts
2.7.7 Research on Sustainability Transition and Sustainable Peace in the Anthropocene
2.7.8 Early Approaches to Peace Ecology and Their Shortcomings
2.8 Peace Ecology: A Holistic, Enlightening and Critical Scientific Programme for the Anthropocene
2.8.1 Environmental Security and Peace Studies in the Anthropocene: Fragmentation of Scientific and Political Knowledge
2.8.2 Peace Ecology in the Anthropocene: The Need for Holistic Perspectives and Transformative Approaches
2.8.3 From Knowledge to Action: Addressing the Challenges for Peace and Sustainable Development in the Anthropocene
2.9 Towards an Ecological Peace Policy in the Anthropocene
2.9.1 The Anthropocene: Its Genesis (1940–2020) and Policies of Dealing with Projected Strategic Alternatives (2020–2100)
2.9.2 Addressing the Challenges Posed in the Anthropocene
2.9.3 Strategies for Coping with the Anthropocene Challenges
2.9.4 Outlook for a Peace Ecology Research Programme and an Ecological Peace Policy in the Anthropocene
References
3 Transformative and Participative Peace: A Theoretical and Methodological Proposal of Epistemology for Peace and Conflict Studies
3.1 From Negative Peace to Transformative and Participatory Peace
3.1.1 Conceiving Peace from the Socio-Praxic Perspective: Transformative Peace
3.1.2 Methodological Implications of Transformative Peace in the Discipline of Peace and Conflict Studies
3.2 A Participatory Peacebuilding Method
3.2.1 An Abductive Method and a Dialogical Strategy
3.2.2 Purpose, Scope and Methodological Structure of the Peaceful Coexistence Participatory Construction Process
3.3 Conclusions
References
4 Peaceful Societies Through Social Cohesion? The Power of Paradigms for Normative and Interdisciplinary Research
4.1 Social Cohesion as a Synonym for Positive Peace?
4.2 Social Cohesion: Origins, Intentions, and Critique
4.2.1 Origins and Intentions
4.2.2 Critique: Exclusive Directions and Outcomes of Social Cohesion Policies
4.2.3 The Demise of Social Cohesion?
4.3 Paradigmatic Foundations and the Role of Research(ers)
4.3.1 Paradigms of Social Cohesion
4.3.2 Peace Paradigm(s)
4.3.3 The Transformative Paradigm
4.3.4 The Narrative Paradigm
4.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
5 The National and Universal Importance of the Non-violent Policy of Mohandas K. Gandhi
5.1 The International Mystification of Mohandas K. Gandhi the Politician
5.2 The Theory of the Singularity of the Success of Non-violent Policy in the Indian National Movement
5.3 Discussion Surrounding the Combat Methods of the Indian Movement to Reform British Colonial Rule in South Africa
5.4 Gandhi’s Role in the Indian National Independence Movement
5.5 Turning Points at Which the Non-violent Movement for an Independent India Failed
5.6 The Favourable Historical Constellation for Gandhi’s Partial Political Successes
5.7 The Global Inspiration for Non-violent Political Movements Arising from the Intellectual Stimuli and Successes of Mohandas K. Gandhi
5.8 Gandhi’s Concept of Religion and Politics and Fundamental Objections to It
5.9 Gandhi’s Strong Impact on Civil Rights and Freedom Movements and His Low Degree of Influence on International Politics
5.10 Contentious Basic Assumptions with Regard to Gandhi’s Political Understanding
5.11 The Limited but not Fully Exploited Scope for Action of Non-violent Policies, Now and in the Near Future
5.12 Unavoidable Setbacks of Non-violent Policies
References
6 Disobedient Peace: Non-cooperation with Inhuman Orders
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Epistemology of Disobedient Peace
6.2.1 Start from a ‘Reality Principle’
6.2.2 ‘Becoming Aware’ of Concepts and Processes
6.3 From ‘Social Infantilism’ to ‘Co-operation’
6.4 Due Disobedience to Inhuman Orders
6.4.1 Indignation in the Face of What is Inhuman
6.4.2 The Order and the Duty to Obey It
6.4.3 The Difficult Mission of Disobeying
6.5 Disobedient Peace in Action
6.6 Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience in Mexico Today
References
Part IIConflicts, Peace, Gender, Families and Vulnerable People
7 Risks, Mitigation and Adaptation to Urban Climate Change Impacts in the Global South from a Gender Perspective
7.1 Introduction and Research Questions
7.1.1 Research Questions
7.1.2 Organisation of the Chapter
7.2 Introduction to the Talanoa Approach
7.3 Global GHG Emissions (GT CO2e/year)
7.4 Cities, Population, Women, Youth and GHG Emissions
7.4.1 Population and Youth Will Be Urban
7.4.2 Women in Marginal Urban Areas in Developing Countries
7.5 Cities Concentrate Most of the GHG Emissions
7.5.1 Cities Require Local Climate Change Management
7.5.2 How to Finance Liveable Cities
7.6 The Talanoa Dialogue
7.6.1 Why Talanoa?
7.7 Climate Governance and Conflict Resolution
7.7.1 Multi-level Climate Change Governance
7.7.2 Multi-level Climate Change Actions Involved in Talanoa
7.7.3 How to Promote Liveable Cities with a Gender Perspective
7.8 Conclusions
7.8.1 The Talanoa Approach is a Multisectorial Approach Without a Gender Perspective
7.8.2 Granting Gender Equality and Life Quality for Children and Everybody
References
8 Conflicts in Kenya: Drivers of Conflicts and Assessing Mitigation Measures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Nature of Conflicts
8.3 Drivers of Conflict in Kenya
8.3.1 Natural Resources
8.3.2 Land and Development Projects
8.3.3 Political Activities
8.3.4 The Bulging Unemployed Youth
8.3.5 Community and Cultural Rivalry
8.3.6 Proliferation of Small Arms
8.3.7 Proximity to Training Grounds in Yemen and Somalia
8.3.8 Corruption and Impunity
8.3.9 Discrimination and Marginalisation
8.4 Attempts and Measures to Solve Conflicts
8.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
9 Human Rights and Sexual Abuse of the Girl-Child in Nigeria: Implications for Development
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theoretical and Conceptual Clarification of Sexual Abuse and the Human Rights of Children
9.3 Theoretical Clarification
9.4 The Nature and Scope of the Sexual Abuse of the Girl-Child in Nigeria
9.4.1 The Spread
9.4.2 The Perpetrators
9.4.3 The Culture of Silence
9.4.4 Abusers’ Strategies
9.4.5 Coercion
9.5 Causes of Sexual Abuse of the Girl-Child in Nigeria
9.5.1 Environmental Factors
9.5.2 Indecent Dressing
9.5.3 Poverty
9.5.4 Superstitious Beliefs
9.5.5 Ignorance and Lack of Sex Education
9.5.6 Failure to Bring Perpetrators to Book and the Challenge of the Justice System in Nigeria
9.5.7 Consequences of the Sexual Abuse of a Girl-Child in Nigeria
9.6 Conclusion
9.6.1 Recommendations
References
10 The Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Nigeria’s Open Space: Taming the Tide
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Evolution of Pastoral Nomadism
10.3 The Fulbe Transhumance and Livelihood Transformation in Nigeria
10.4 Drivers of the Farmer-Herder Conflicts
10.5 Solutions and Way Forward
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Climate Rituals: Cultural Response for Climate Change Adaptations in Africa
11.1 Climate and the Climate Change System
11.1.1 Threat of Climate Change to Africa’s Growth and Development
11.2 The Cultural Ecology of Climate
11.2.1 Culture for Adaptation
11.2.2 Research Objectives
11.2.3 Research Design
11.3 Climate Rituals in Africa
11.3.1 Rainmaking Rituals in East Africa
11.3.2 Rainmaking Rituals in the Sahel of North Africa
11.3.3 Rainmaking Rituals in West Africa
11.3.4 Rainmaking Rituals in Central and Southern Africa
11.3.5 African Anthropological Wisdom and Thought Processes on Rainmaking Rituals
11.3.6 Rainmaking Rituals in Perspective
References
12 Ethnically-Charged Wartime Sexual Violence: The Agony of the South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Background to the Civil Conflict
12.2.1 Ethnic Divisions Within the SPLM
12.2.2 Ethnic Division Between the Dinka and the Nuer
12.2.3 The Bor Massacre and Its Implications for the Civil War
12.3 Strategic Rape Theory
12.4 Wartime Sexual Violence
12.5 Rape as a Weapon of War
12.6 Narratives of South Sudanese Refugees
12.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
13 Traditional Conflict and Peacemaking Processes: The Case of Kurdish Tribes in Mardin, Turkey
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Traditional and Indigenous Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution
13.2 Traditional Conflict, the Peacemaking Process and Mediation in Kurdish Tribes
13.2.1 From Xwin (Blood Feud) as a Tribal Conflict to Béj (Blood Money) as a Peacemaking Process
13.2.2 Nané Aşitiyé as a Ritualistic Peacebuilding Approach
13.2.3 Mediators in the Kurdish Tribal System
13.3 Conclusion
References
14 Family Shame and Eloping Couples: A Hindustani Warp in Time. Steps in Progress Towards Non-violence
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Background
14.2 The Study’s Aims and Objective
14.3 Research Methodology
14.4 Media Reports: India
14.4.1 Traditional, Local, Cultural Context
14.4.2 Federal Legal and Government Context: Progress Towards Non-violence
14.5 Hindustani Love Legends
14.5.1 Heer Ranjha
14.5.2 Mirza Sahiban
14.5.3 Sohni Mahiwal
14.5.4 Sassi Punnun
14.5.5 Anarkali
14.6 Nepal – Gospel in a Nutshell
14.7 Discussion
14.7.1 Challenging Community Values
14.8 Conclusion – A Path of Progress
References
15 We Are not Victims: The Roma, An Outdoor Art Gallery and the Same Old Story – Critical Thinking in Communication for Development
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Contextual Background
15.3 Theoretical Background
15.3.1 Field Site
15.3.2 Method
15.3.3 Analysis
15.3.4 Previous Research
15.3.5 Results and Contribution
15.4 Discussion
15.4.1 The Roma Help Project’s Help Narrative
15.4.2 The Roma Villager’s Help Narrative
15.5 Conclusion
References
Part IIIPeacekeeping, Peacebuilding, Peacemaking and Transitional Justice in the Anthropocene
16 A Discourse on the Norms and Ideologies of Peacekeeping
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Motives and Aims of Peacekeeping
16.2.1 Promoting States’ National Interests
16.2.2 Preserving the International System
16.2.3 Promoting Liberal Norms
16.2.4 Compensating for State Failure and the Responsibility to Protect
16.3 Effectiveness in Peace Operations
16.3.1 Approaches
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 Governance by Violent Non-state Actors as a Challenge to Sustainable Peace in Brazil
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Violent Non-state Actors and Governance Capabilities
17.3 Brief Historical Background of Brazilian Criminal Organisations: The PCC and the FDN
17.3.1 The Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC)
17.3.2 The Família do Norte (FDN)
17.4 Prison Actors Governing Outside the Cells: VNSAs Controlling Lives and Territories
17.4.1 Spillover of the PCC’s Governance Structure from Prisons to the Quebradas
17.4.2 Emulating the Enemy: The FDN Governance
17.4.3 A Governance for or Against the Oppressed?
17.5 Conclusions
References
18 Art of Peace: Cultural Practices and Peacebuilding in Mexico
18.1 Introduction: Why We Should Stop Talking About Violence?
18.1.1 The Context of Violence in Mexico
18.2 Researching Peacebuilding: A Methodological Approach
18.3 Cultural Interventions and Peacebuilding
18.4 Case Studies of Arts and Non-Violence in Mexico
18.4.1 First Case: Anita Cuellar – Symbolic Actions as a Way to Face Loss and Be Resilient
18.4.2 Second Case: Transforming the Border Wall Through Art
18.4.3 Third Case: Rap Artists and Cultural Managers Using Hip-Hop
18.4.4 Fourth Case: Performance Against Gender Violence in the Centre of Mexico
18.5 Conclusions
References
19 Grass-Roots Post-conflict Peacebuilding: A Case Study of Mosintuwu Women’s School in Poso District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methods
19.3 Poso District: A Brief Context
19.4 Theoretical Framework
19.4.1 Grass-Roots Post-conflict Peacebuilding
19.4.2 Women in Peacebuilding
19.4.3 Peace Education
19.5 About Mosintuwu Women’s School, Poso
19.6 Findings
19.6.1 Women’s School and Post-conflict Peacebuilding
19.6.2 Women and Transformative Peace Education
19.6.3 Women’s Participation in Post-conflict Peacebuilding
19.7 Conclusion
References
20 Hydro-diplomacy Towards Peace Ecology: The Case of the Indus Water Treaty Between India and Pakistan
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Conceptual Framework
20.3 Historical Background
20.4 The Indus River Basin
20.5 The Indus Water Treaty of 1960
20.6 Institutional Agreement for a Peace Ecology
20.7 Institutional Arrangements to Address Climate Change
20.8 Challenges of the Treaty
20.9 Opportunity for Hydro-Diplomacy
20.10 Discussion
References
21 The Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Implications for Regional Security
21.1 The Nature of the Inquiry
21.2 Conceptualising and Defining Refugees and Stateless People
21.3 Institutionalised Discrimination and Statelessness: The Rohingya People
21.4 The Refugee Crisis from a Security Perspective
21.5 The Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Three Perspectives
21.5.1 Local Livelihood
21.5.2 Political Competition
21.5.3 Future Risks of Radicalisation
21.5.4 Security Issues Inside and Outside the Camps
21.5.5 Security Concerns in the Region
21.6 Conclusion
References
22 An Unsustainable Price: The Opportunity Costs of Transitional Justice
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Theories of Transitional Justice
22.3 Assuming that the New Government is Sincere
22.4 Rwandan Insincerity: Using Transitional Justice to Build Control of the State
22.5 Victims, Perpetrators and Witnesses
22.6 Double Jeopardy
22.7 South Africa Is Not a Useful Precedent
22.8 The Solomon Islands’ Experience: Timing Really Matters
22.9 Côte D’Ivoire: Can Youth Lead the Way?
22.10 Re-igniting the Flames
22.11 When the Enemy Has Left the Country: Timor Leste
22.12 Gender
22.13 Conclusion
References
Part IVPeace, Development and Education
23 Simultaneous Intervention Strategies at Local Ecosystems for Sustainable Development Goals and Peace: Design and Systems Perspectives
23.1 Issues and Challenges of Sustainability
23.2 Key Dimensions and Factors for Sustainability: A Linear Analysis
23.3 Interconnected and Embedded Nature of Factors Across Dimensions: A Dynamic Analysis
23.3.1 The Interconnected Nature of Factors Within Dimensions
23.3.2 The Interconnectedness of Factors Across the Dimensions
23.3.3 The Embedded Nature of Dimensions
23.4 Simultaneous Interventions on All Six Dimensions and Potential Outcomes of SDGs
23.4.1 Potential Outcomes of SDGs
23.5 Principles of Simultaneous Interventions at Local Ecosystems for SDGs and Peace
References
24 Citizen-Led Assessment and the Participatory Approach to Peace Education in Nepal
24.1 Context
24.2 Methodology
24.3 Citizen-Led Assessment for Participatory Education Governance
24.4 Non-violent Communication for a Culture of Peace in Schools
24.5 A Participatory Peace Education Approach as Part of Education Governance
24.6 Conclusion
References
25 Can Infrastructure-Based Development Bring Peace to West Papua?
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methods
25.3 Findings
25.3.1 The History of the West Papuan Conflict
25.3.2 Economic and Socio-cultural Impacts of the Trans-Papua Highway on Papuan Indigenous Peoples
25.4 Security and Peace Issues
25.5 Conclusions
References
About the International Peace Research Association (IPRA)
IPRA Conferences, Secretary Generals and Presidents 1964–2018
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Index