Data center fundamentals Description based on print version record. - Includes index

✍ Scribed by Arregoces, Mauricio;Portolani, Maurizio

• Publisher: Cisco Press
• Year: 2003;2004
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1105
• Series: Cisco Press Fundamentals Series
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Master the basics of data centers to build server farms that enhance your Web site performance

Learn design guidelines that show how to deploy server farms in highly available and scalable environments Plan site performance capacity with discussions of server farm architectures and their real-life applications to determine your system needs Today's market demands that businesses have an Internet presence through which they can perform e-commerce and customer support, and establish a presence that can attract and increase their customer base. Underestimated hit ratios, compromised credit card records, perceived slow Web site access, or the infamous "Object Not Found" alerts make the difference between a successful online presence and one that is bound to fail.

These challenges can be solved in part with the use of data center technology. Data centers switch traffic based on information at the Network, Transport, or Application layers. Content switches perform the "best server" selection process to direct users' requests for a specific service to a server in a server farm. The best server selection process takes into account both server load and availability, and the existence and consistency of the requested content.

Data Center Fundamentalshelps you understand the basic concepts behind the design and scaling of server farms using data center and content switching technologies. It addresses the principles and concepts needed to take on the most common challenges encountered during planning, implementing, and managing Internet and intranet IP-based server farms. An in-depth analysis of the data center technology with real-life scenarios makeData Center Fundamentalsan ideal reference for understanding, planning, and designing Web hosting and e-commerce environments.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 12
Introduction......Page 37
Part I: An Introduction to Server Farms......Page 42
Data Centers Defined......Page 44
Application Architecture Models......Page 48
Data Center Architecture......Page 52
Data Center Services......Page 61
Summary......Page 66
Chapter 2 Server Architecture Overview......Page 70
Network Attachment......Page 71
Client and Server Packet Processing......Page 74
TCP and Server Applications......Page 80
UDP and Server Applications......Page 89
Server Availability......Page 90
Configuring a Web Server......Page 95
Network Architecture Design Options......Page 100
Summary......Page 107
For Further Reading......Page 108
Chapter 3 Application Architectures Overview......Page 110
Taxonomy of Applications and Hosted Servers......Page 111
Integration of Applications......Page 114
Multitier Applications......Page 116
Network Architecture Considerations......Page 136
Multitier Design Case Study......Page 147
Summary......Page 152
For Further Reading......Page 153
Chapter 4 Data Center Design Overview......Page 156
Types of Server Farms and Data Centers......Page 158
Data Center Topologies......Page 165
Fully Redundant Layer 2 and Layer 3 Designs......Page 178
Fully Redundant Layer 2 and Layer 3 Designs with Services......Page 185
Summary......Page 196
The Need for a Secure Data Center......Page 198
Vulnerabilities and Common Attacks......Page 199
Network Security Infrastructure......Page 208
Security Fundamentals......Page 227
Data Center Security Framework......Page 236
Summary......Page 241
Load Balancing Defined......Page 244
Key Concepts of Load Balancing......Page 252
High Availability Considerations......Page 264
Generic Load Balancer Architecture......Page 271
Summary......Page 274
Part II: Server Farm Protocols......Page 278
Layers and Protocols......Page 280
IP......Page 284
TCP......Page 295
UDP......Page 338
Summary......Page 345
References......Page 346
Resources and Messages......Page 348
HTTP Overview......Page 367
HTTP General Header......Page 383
Request Header......Page 386
Response Header......Page 395
Entity Header......Page 404
Summary......Page 405
Chapter 9 SSL and TLS......Page 408
SSL Overview......Page 409
SSL Operations......Page 410
Performance Implications of SSL......Page 418
Authentication and Digital Certificates......Page 424
SSL Ciphersuites......Page 428
Analyzing SSL Traces......Page 430
Summary......Page 432
For Further Reading......Page 433
Chapter 10 DNS Essentials and Site-Selection Considerations......Page 436
DNS Architecture......Page 437
DNS Components......Page 443
DNS Resolution Process......Page 450
Redundant Name Servers......Page 457
DNS Caching......Page 459
Distribution of Multiple Records......Page 462
DNS Server Placement......Page 465
Site-Selection Considerations......Page 469
Summary......Page 477
For Further Reading......Page 478
Chapter 11 Streaming Protocols Overview......Page 480
Download-and-Play, HTTP Streaming, and Real-Time Streaming......Page 481
UDP Versus TCP......Page 484
Analog and Digital Video......Page 486
Codecs......Page 487
Packetization......Page 492
Transport Formats......Page 493
Control Protocols......Page 505
Unicast, Multicast, and Stream Splitting......Page 510
Streaming Products......Page 512
Summary......Page 514
Part III: Infrastructure Protocols......Page 516
IEEE 802......Page 518
Ethernet......Page 520
Ethernet Switching......Page 537
Layer 2 Protocols......Page 539
VLANs and Trunks......Page 541
EtherChannels......Page 546
STP......Page 547
For Further Reading......Page 560
Chapter 13 Layer 3 Protocol Essentials......Page 562
ARP Protocol and Tables......Page 564
HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP......Page 566
OSPF......Page 579
EIGRP......Page 590
NAT......Page 595
For Further Reading......Page 606
Mainframes......Page 608
IBM Data Center Components......Page 609
Mainframe Attachment Options......Page 612
IBM Networking......Page 616
SNA over TCP/IP......Page 619
Sysplex and Parallel Sysplex......Page 624
IBM Data Centers Today......Page 629
Summary......Page 631
Part IV: Security and Server Load Balancing......Page 634
Cryptography......Page 636
U.S. Government and Cryptography......Page 648
PKI......Page 651
Transport Security......Page 665
Authentication Protocols and Technologies......Page 679
Network Management Security......Page 686
Summary......Page 688
Modes of Operation......Page 692
Load-Balancing Algorithms......Page 712
Summary......Page 725
Chapter 17 Server Health Management......Page 728
Server Management......Page 729
Server Management Interface......Page 735
Server Failure Detection......Page 739
Probe Types......Page 741
Out-of-Band Probes......Page 749
Case Study: Server Health for Virtual Hosting......Page 757
Case Study: HTTP and HTTPS......Page 761
Summary......Page 763
What a Session Is and Why It Matters......Page 766
Cookies......Page 767
How Servers Track User Sessions......Page 775
Session Persistence for Server Clusters......Page 788
For Further Reading......Page 789
Chapter 19 Persistence Mechanisms on Load Balancers......Page 792
The Concept of Session Persistence......Page 793
Persistence Considerations for Clients Using Proxy Servers......Page 797
Session Persistence Mechanisms......Page 800
Source IP Sticky......Page 804
Cookie Sticky......Page 807
URL Sticky......Page 815
HTTP Redirection Sticky......Page 821
SSL Sticky......Page 824
Case Study......Page 828
Summary......Page 836
Part V: Data Center Design......Page 838
Topology Overview......Page 840
Switching Paths......Page 845
Using VLANs to Virtualize the Physical Data Center Infrastructure......Page 849
Link Redundancy and Load Distribution......Page 854
Spanning-Tree Considerations......Page 861
Internal Redundancy Considerations......Page 872
Layer 2 Data Center Design......Page 876
Layer 3 Data Center Design......Page 884
Summary......Page 901
Defining Security Zones......Page 904
Internet Edge......Page 908
Campus Core......Page 923
Intranet Server Farms......Page 924
Server-Farm Design Alternatives......Page 935
Management Network......Page 947
Summary......Page 955
Traffic Patterns Overview......Page 958
Performance Metrics Overview......Page 973
Load Balancer and SSL Offloader Metrics......Page 978
Testing Performance Metrics......Page 989
Summary......Page 996
Part VI: Appendixes......Page 1000
Appendix A: Character Sets......Page 1002
Appendix B: HTTP Header Fields......Page 1016
Appendix C: Video Encoding Mechanisms......Page 1026
Appendix D: Loopback Interface Configuration Procedures......Page 1034
Appendix E: Configuring Servers to Insert Cookies......Page 1048
Appendix F: Client-Side and Server-Side Programming......Page 1052
A......Page 1064
C......Page 1067
D......Page 1070
E......Page 1073
F......Page 1075
G......Page 1076
H......Page 1077
I......Page 1079
J......Page 1080
K–L......Page 1081
M......Page 1083
N......Page 1085
O......Page 1086
P......Page 1087
R......Page 1090
S......Page 1092
T......Page 1098
U......Page 1101
W......Page 1102
X–Z......Page 1103

✦ Subjects

Science;Technology