Current Research Trends and Applications in Waste Management

✍ Scribed by Brijendra Kumar Kashyap (editor), Manoj Kumar Solanki (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 398
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book covers latest information on organic and inorganic waste management, and how the waste can be utilized as an energy source. An increasing world population and climate change rate hint that environmental health needs a sustainable waste recycling system worldwide. Management of wastes material plays a substantial role in the environment and climate regulation. Chapters contain modern tools and techniques for managing inorganic, biomedical, municipality, and food waste. The title covers the role of contemporary microbiology and biotechnological tools in waste management and how these microbial agents can enhance waste degradation and bioenergy production. The book covers interesting topics such as bio-ethanol production from agro-waste, microbial fuel cells, biogas production from animal waste, nanotechnology in waste recycling, etc. The primary audiences are researchers, scientists, students, and policymakers interlinked with waste management and applied microbial sectors. ​

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Introductory Chapters
1: Emerging Frontiers of Microbes as Liquid Waste Recycler
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is Liquid Waste?
1.2.1 Sources of Liquid Wastes and Their Pollutants
1.2.1.1 Industrial Waste
1.2.1.2 Manufacturing Waste
1.2.1.3 Agriculture and Dairy
Agrochemical
Pesticides
1.2.1.4 Energy Production Using Fossil Fuels
Radioactive Wastes
1.2.1.5 Transport
1.2.1.6 House Building and Domestic Activities
1.3 What Is the Problem Arising from Liquid Waste with Their Static Data?
1.3.1 Why We Focus on Liquid Waste and How It Is Treated
1.3.2 Conventional and Advanced Methods for Liquid Wastewater
1.3.2.1 Coagulation and Flocculation
1.3.2.2 Precipitation
1.3.2.3 Ion-Exchange
1.3.2.4 Adsorption
1.3.2.5 Membrane Filtration
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Nanofiltration (NF)
1.3.2.6 Advanced Method for Liquid Wastewater
1.4 Role of Microbes
1.4.1 Aerobic Microbes
1.4.1.1 Aerobic Oxidation
1.4.1.2 Nitrification
1.4.1.3 Denitrification
1.4.2 Anaerobic Microbes
1.4.3 Use of Mixed Microbial Culture
1.4.4 Bioremediation
1.4.5 Bioremediation by Bacterial Strains
1.5 Role of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) in Wastewater Treatment
1.5.1 Basic Components of MFCs with Their Factors Affecting Efficiency
1.5.1.1 Electrode Material
1.5.1.2 pH Buffer and Electrolyte
1.5.1.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (Salt Bridge)
1.5.1.4 Operating Condition in the Anodic Chamber
1.5.1.5 Operating Condition in the Cathodic Chamber
1.5.2 Mechanisms of MFCs
1.5.3 Types of MFCs
1.5.3.1 Mediator MFCs
1.5.3.2 Mediator-Less MFCs
1.5.4 Research Organization on MFCs
1.5.4.1 International Status
1.5.4.2 National Status
1.5.5 Application on Microbial Fuel Cell
1.5.5.1 Wastewater Treatment
1.5.5.2 Cleansing Contaminated Lakes and Rivers
1.5.5.3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Sensing
1.5.5.4 Hydrogen Production
1.6 Challenges of MFCs
1.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
1.7.1 Conclusions
1.7.2 Future Prospects
References
2: Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Microalgae with Simultaneous Resource Recovery: A Biorefinery Approach
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Recent Advancements in the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater by Microalgae
2.2.1 Microalgal-Bacterial Process
2.2.2 PSBR (Photo-Sequencing Batch Reactor)
2.2.3 Supplementation of External Nutrient Source
2.2.4 Membrane Photobioreactor
2.2.5 Biofilm Technology
2.2.6 Synchronization of Microalgae with Other Species
2.2.6.1 Microalgae-Yeast Process
2.2.6.2 Microalgae-Macrophytes Process
2.3 Microalgal Biorefinery Perception
2.3.1 Liquid Biofuels
2.3.1.1 Bio-Oil
2.3.1.2 Biodiesel
2.3.1.3 Bioethanol
2.3.1.4 Biobutanol
2.3.2 Gaseous Biofuels
2.3.2.1 Biohydrogen
2.3.2.2 Biomethane
2.3.3 Bioelectricity
2.4 Environmental Effect of Bio-Refinery Products
2.4.1 Carbon Footprinting
2.4.2 Negative Emission
2.5 Conclusion
References
3: An Economic and Sustainable Method of Bio-Ethanol Production from Agro-Waste: A Waste to Energy Approach
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass
3.2.1 Cellulose
3.2.2 Hemicellulose
3.2.3 Lignin
3.3 Raw Material for Bioethanol Production
3.3.1 Sugar-Based Raw Material
3.3.2 Starch-Based Raw Material
3.3.3 Lignocellulosic Raw Material
3.4 Overview of Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste Materials
3.4.1 Pretreatment
3.4.1.1 Physical Treatment
Milling
Pyrolysis
Irradiation
3.4.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment
Acid Pretreatment
Alkali Pretreatment
Organosolv Pretreatment
Ozonolysis Pretreatment
Wet-Oxidation Pretreatment
Ionic-Liquid Pretreatment
3.4.1.3 Physico-Chemical Pretreatment
Steam Explosion
Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment
Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX)
Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) Explosion
3.4.1.4 Biological Pretreatment
3.4.2 Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
3.4.2.1 Concentrated-Acid Hydrolysis
3.4.2.2 Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis
3.4.2.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
3.4.3 Fermentation
3.4.3.1 Fermentation Using Yeast
3.4.3.2 Fermentation Using Bacteria
3.4.4 Strategies for Fermentation
3.4.4.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF)
3.4.4.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
3.4.4.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF)
3.4.4.4 Simultaneous Saccharification, Filtration, and Fermentation (SSFF)
3.4.4.5 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)
3.4.4.6 Simultaneous Pretreatment, Saccharification, and Fermentation
3.5 Ethanol Recovery
3.6 Conclusions
References
4: Sewage and Wastewater Management to Combat Different Mosquito Vector Species
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Indian Scenario of Wastewater and Sewage Problem
4.3 Relation of Water Pollution with Population and Rapid Industrialisation
4.4 Sewage and Waste Water Management
4.5 Different Breeding Habitats
4.6 Common Vector-Borne Diseases in India
4.7 Mosquito Control Techniques
4.7.1 Chemical-Based Control Techniques
4.7.2 Non-Chemical-Based Control Techniques
4.7.3 Biocontrol Method
4.7.3.1 Mosquito-Specific Bacteria
4.7.3.2 Larvivorous Fishes
4.8 Conclusion
References
5: Keratinase Role in Management of Poultry Waste
5.1 Introduction
5.2 By-Products of the Poultry Industry
5.2.1 Feathers
5.2.2 Manure and Litter
5.2.3 Waste-Containing Collagen
5.2.4 Miscellaneous By-Products
5.3 Keratin
5.3.1 α-Keratin
5.3.2 β-Keratin
5.3.3 Hard Keratin and Soft Keratin
5.4 Keratinase
5.5 Microbial Diversity of Keratinase
5.6 Role of Keratinase Enzyme in Waste Management and Production of Valuable Products
5.6.1 Animal Feed
5.6.2 Bio-Fertilizers
5.6.3 Bioactive Peptides
5.6.4 Biomedical Devices
5.6.5 Biodetergents
5.6.6 Bioremediation and Biopesticide
5.6.7 Biomedicine
5.6.8 Bioplastics
5.7 Future Scope
5.8 Conclusions
References
6: Biomedical Waste: Impact on Environment and Its Management in Health Care Facilities
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Definition of Biomedical Waste
6.1.2 Generation of Biomedical Waste
6.1.3 Categories of Biomedical Waste
6.2 Biomedical Waste Management Strategies
6.2.1 Biomedical Waste Segregation and Storage
6.2.2 Biomedical Waste Handling and Transportation
6.2.3 Treatment and Disposal of Biomedical Waste
6.2.3.1 Chemical Processes
6.2.3.2 Biological Processes
6.2.3.3 Mechanical Processes
6.2.3.4 Thermal Processes
Autoclaving
Microwave
Incineration
Hydroclaving
Thermal Plasma
6.2.3.5 Irradiation Processes
6.3 Risks to Environment and Health
6.4 Biomedical Waste Management Strategies
6.5 Handling of Biomedical Wastes During COVID-19 Pandemic
6.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Part II: Microbial Approach in Bioenergy Production
7: Microbial Intervention in Waste Remediation for Bio-Energy Production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Potential Biofuels Transformed from Wastes
7.2.1 Types of Biofuels
7.2.1.1 Solid Biomass
7.2.1.2 Liquid Biofuels
7.2.1.3 Gaseous Biofuels
7.3 Substrates for Biofuel Production
7.3.1 Biofuels from Different Types of Biomass
7.3.2 Pre-treatment of Waste Prior to Microbial Treatment
7.3.2.1 Pre-treatment
7.3.2.2 Hydrolysis/Saccharification
7.3.2.3 Fermentation
7.3.2.4 Purification
7.4 Biological Agent in Biofuel Production from Waste
7.4.1 Bacteria
7.4.2 Yeast/Fungi
7.4.3 Photosynthetic Microorganisms
7.5 Waste Product Impact on Climate
7.5.1 Impacts of Waste Disposal on the Environment
7.5.2 Non-biodegradable Wastes
7.6 Challenges in Biofuels Production from Waste
7.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
8: Role of Microorganisms in Biogas Production from Animal Waste and Slurries
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
8.3 Stages of Biogas Production by the Anaerobic Digestion Process
8.3.1 Hydrolysis
8.3.2 Acidogenesis
8.3.3 Acetogenesis
8.3.4 Methanogenesis
8.4 Anaerobic Digesters
8.4.1 Fixed-Dome Digester
8.4.2 Floating-Drum Digester
8.4.3 Tubular Digester
8.5 Microbes Involved in Biogas Production
8.5.1 Microbes Involved in Hydrolysis and Acidogenesis
8.5.2 Acetogenic Bacteria
8.5.3 Methanogens
8.5.3.1 Characteristics of the Methanogen Families, Substrates for Methanogenesis; Digester Input, and % of Biogas Produced
8.5.3.2 Cooperation of Microorganisms in the Methane Fermentation Process
8.6 Factors Affecting Biogas Production
8.6.1 Temperature
8.6.2 pH
8.6.3 Nutrients Requirements
8.6.4 C/N Ratio
8.6.5 Agitation
8.6.6 Water Content
8.6.7 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
8.6.8 Redox Potential
8.6.9 Ammonia
8.6.10 Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
8.6.11 Volatile Fatty Acids
8.6.12 Particle Size
8.6.13 Inocula
8.7 Benefits of Biogas Technology
8.7.1 Reducing the Production of Greenhouse Gas
8.7.2 Source for Renewable Energy
8.7.3 Low Input of Water
8.7.4 Contribution to the EU Environmental and Energy Goals
8.7.5 Reduction of Waste
8.7.6 As an Excellent Fertilizer
8.7.7 Flexibility of Using Different Feedstock
8.7.8 Reduced Odor and Flies
8.8 Future Prospects of Biogas Technology
References
9: Bioelectricity Generation from Organic Waste Using Microbial Fuel Cell
9.1 Introduction
9.2 MFC Working Principle and Electron Transfer
9.2.1 Role of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)
9.2.2 Limitation in Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)
9.2.3 Mediators and Non-mediator MFCs
9.2.3.1 Mediator-Less or Direct Electron Transfer Between the Cell Surface and the Electrode
9.2.3.2 Mediator or Indirect Electron Transfer Mediator
9.3 Materials and Architectures of Different Types of MFC
9.3.1 Double-Chambered Fuel (DCF)
9.3.2 Single Chamber Fuel Cell (SCFC)
9.3.3 Stacked MFC (SMFC)
9.3.4 Magnetic Fields Ceramic Microbial Fuel Cell (CMFC)
9.3.5 Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (P-MFC)
9.3.6 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (Photo-MFC)
9.4 Electrodes
9.4.1 Cathode Electrode
9.4.2 Anode Electrode
9.4.3 Membranes
9.4.3.1 Cation Exchange Membrane (CEM)
9.4.3.2 Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM)
9.4.3.3 Bipolar Membranes (BPM)
9.5 Factors Responsible That Affect Performance of Microbial Fuel Cell
9.5.1 Effect of pH, Ionic Strength, and Temperature on Power Generation
9.5.2 Microbes as Biocatalyst Used in MFC
9.5.3 Organic Waste as Microbial Substrate
9.6 Future Outlook and Conclusion
References
10: Bioremediation: Remedy for Emerging Environmental Pollutants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bioremediation
10.2.1 In Situ Bioremediation
10.2.1.1 Intrinsic Bioremediation
10.2.1.2 Engineered Bioremediation
Biosparging
Bioventing
Bioslurping
Biostimulation
Bioaugmentation
Natural Attenuation
10.2.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
10.2.2.1 Slurry Phase Bioremediation
10.2.2.2 Solid Phase Bioremediation
Biopiling
Land Farming
Compositing
Biofilter
10.3 Effects of Heavy Metals on the Environment
10.3.1 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Remediation
10.4 Potential Hazards of Textile Wastewater
10.4.1 Treatment of Dyes
10.4.1.1 Physicochemical Methods
10.4.1.2 Biological Methods
10.5 Degradation of Dyes by Bacterial Strains
10.6 Mechanisms of Bacterial Dye Degradation
10.7 Mechanisms of Fungal Dye Degradation
10.8 Mechanisms of Algal Dye Degradation
10.9 Mechanisms of Dye Degradation by Yeast
10.10 Bioremediation Applications
10.11 The Advantage of Bioremediation
10.12 The Disadvantage of Bioremediation
10.13 Conclusions
References
11: Rhizoremediation: A Plant-Microbe-Based Probiotic Science
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Concept and Definition
11.1.2 History
11.2 Role of Microorganisms for the Remediation of Pollutants
11.3 Essential Factors for Rhizoremediation
11.3.1 Prevalent Niche Microflora
11.3.2 Availability of Contaminants
11.3.3 Environmental Factors
11.3.3.1 Nutrients
11.3.3.2 pH
11.3.3.3 Type of Soil
11.4 Mechanism: Plant-Microbe Interactions
11.4.1 Root Exudation and Colonization
11.4.2 Regulation of Catabolic Gene Cascade
11.4.3 Interacting with the Pollutants: Rhizobiome in Action
11.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rhizoremediation
11.6 Cost-Effectiveness
11.7 New Insights
11.8 Conclusion
References
Part III: Biotechnological Approach
12: Microbial Fermentation System for the Production of Biopolymers and Bioenergy from Various Organic Wastes and By-Products
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biodegradable Polymers (PHAs Production and Classification)
12.2.1 PHA Production Using Suitable Substrate and Bacterial Strains
12.2.2 Starch-Based Substrate
12.2.3 PHAs Production Using Molasses and Sucrose as a Carbon Source
12.2.4 Lignocellulosic Waste Material Used as a Substrate for PHAs
12.2.5 Whey-Based Culture Media Used as a Substrate for PHAs
12.3 Integrated Systems to Simultaneously Produce PHAs (Intracellular Products) and Biosurfactants (an Extracellular By-Produc...
12.4 Bioenergy Manufacture Using Industrial and Agricultural Waste
12.4.1 Biogas Production (Anaerobic Digestion)
12.4.2 Biohydrogen Production
12.5 Integrated Process Systems for Bioenergy Synthesis from Industrial and Agricultural Sustainable Substances
12.5.1 Coupled Synthesis of PHAs and Bioenergy from Carbon-Based Wastes
12.6 Conclusions
References
13: Nanotechnology: Opportunity and Challenges in Waste Management
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Waste Generation in India
13.2.1 Waste-to-Energy in India
13.2.2 Manufacturing Advancement and Chemistry
13.2.3 Barriers and Changes Required to Improve Waste Management in India
13.3 Nanomaterials for Waste Treatment
13.3.1 Nanotechnology for Green Energy Production
13.3.2 Nanotechnology for Management of Waste Materials
13.3.3 Nanotechnology for Reuse and Waste Utilization
13.4 Conclusion
References
14: Omics´ Approaches for Structural and Functional Insights ofWaste to Energy´ Microbiome
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microbiomes
14.3 Waste and Energy
14.4 Omics´ Approaches for Waste to Energy Microbiome 14.4.1 Metagenomics Technologies for EFW Microbiome 14.4.2 Metatranscriptomics Technology for EFW Microbiome 14.4.3 Metaproteomics Technology for EFW Microbiome 14.4.4 Metabolomics Technology for EFW Microbiome 14.4.5 Need of Computational Algorithms forOmics´ Analysis
14.5 Non-omics Technologies for EFW Microbiome
14.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Corrections to: Current Research Trends and Applications in Waste Management
Correction to: B. K. Kashyap, M. K. Solanki (eds.), Current Research Trends and Applications in Waste Management, https://doi....