Culturally Alert Counseling A Comprehensive Introduction

✍ Scribed by Garrett McAuliffe

• Publisher: Sage Publications
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1348
• Edition: 3
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Culturally Alert Counseling is an introduction to multicultural counseling

✦ Table of Contents

Preface To The Third Edition
Acknowledgments
About the Editor
About the Contributors
Part I: Key Concepts
Chapter 1 Culture and Diversity Defined
Counseling and Culture
The Dismissal of the “Other”
Counseling: A Hopeful Venture
The Risk of Stereotyping
Case Vignette
Preview of the Chapter
“Why” Culturally Alert Counseling?
Inevitability
Equity
Ethical Responsibility
Professional Self-Interest
The “What” of Culture and Culturally Alert Counseling: Key Notions
Defining Culture
Culture: Pervasive and Invisible
Culture as Discourse
History of the Term Culture
Culture Broadly Applied
Defining Diversity
Attitudes Toward Diversity
Psychological Processes for Encountering Diversity: Assimilation Versus Accommodation
The Requirements for Being a Culturally Alert Counselor
The Multicultural Counseling Competencies
Summary
Appendix A
Cross-Cultural Counseling Competencies: A Conceptual Framework
Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis (1992)
References
Chapter 2Culture: Clarifications and Complications
Case Vignette
Important Dimensions of Culture
Objective and Subjective Culture
Individualism and Collectivism as Dimensions of Subjective Culture
The Invisibility and Depth of Much Culture
Intersectionality
Individuals’ Relationships to Their Cultures
Cultural Identity Development
Culture Centrism
Cultural Relativism
Salience
Culture in Perspective: Potential Misunderstandings
Balancing Culture With Other Explanations of Human Behavior
Bias and Stereotyping
Exclusive Emphasis on “Minorities”
Language for Cultural Groups
Guidelines for Flexibility in Working With Culture
References
Chapter 3 Social Justice and Advocacy
Case Vignette
The Charge
The Rationale for Social Justice Work
Environmental and Socio-Political Context
Social Diversity versus Social Justice
Social Justice
Social Equality and Equity: Access and Opportunity
Oppression
Examples of External Oppression for Specific Groups
Internalized Oppression
Microaggressions
Privilege: Invisible and Unearned
Advocacy and Empowerment
Advocacy
Empowerment
Being an Ally
Need for Training
Personal Qualities and Skills Needed for Social Justice and Advocacy
Cultural Identity
Humility and Openness
The Ability to Engage in Socially Critical Thinking
Critical Consciousness
Persistence
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Ethnicity
Ethnicity and Race: Conflated Concepts
Conceptualizing Ethnicity
Enculturation and Acculturation
Enculturation
Acculturation
Four Expressions of Enculturation and Acculturation
Four Types of Acculturation and Enculturation
Integration and Bicultural Competence
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalization
Helping Clients With Acculturation
Salience
Categories and Terms Used for Ethnicity
Nationality
Labels for Ethnic Groups
Panethnic Groupings
Power Differences
Ethnicity and Counseling
Assessing and Incorporating Ethnicity
Challenging Problematic Ethnic Rules
Summary
References
Chapter 5 Conceptualizing Race and Racism
Defining a Murky Concept
Racism
Categorization of Races
The Status of Racism Today
Origins and History of the Concept of Race in the United States
Theories and Movements That Reinforced the Race Paradigm
Foundations of Race in Law
Foundations of Race in Evolutionary Theory
Foundations of Race in Genetic Inheritance Theory
Foundations of Race in the Assimilationist and Melting Pot Perspectives
The Assimilationist Perspective
The Melting Pot Perspective
The Multicultural Formulation
The Contemporary Status of Race and Racism
Contemporary Black-White Relations
Color-Blind Racism
Internalized Racism in Nondominant Groups
External Evidence of Modern Racism: Wealth, Housing, Criminal Justice, and Jobs
Wealth
Housing
Criminal Justice
Jobs
Psychological Dimensions of Race
Racial Identity Development
The Racial Identity Development for People of Color Model
White Racial Identity Development
Multiracial Individuals and Families
Multiracial Identity
Root’s Multiracial Identity Model
Choi-Misailidis’s Multiracial Heritage Awareness and Personal Affiliation Theory
Henriksen and Paladino’s Multiple Heritage Identity Development (MHID) Model
Implications for Counseling
Summary
References
Part II: Major Ethnic Groupings
Chapter 6 African Americans
Americans of African Descent: The People and Their History
African Heritage
Slavery
Racism: The Legacy of Slavery
Contemporary Forms of Racism
The African American Response to Racism
African American Values and Characteristics
Case Vignette
Time
Relationships With Others
Communication
Religion and Spirituality
Functions of the Black Church
The Black Church and Mental Health
Family and Parenting
Extended Family
Racial Socialization in the Family
Parenting Practices
Racial Identity Development/Nigrescence
Career
Continuing Discrimination
Affirmative Action
Protected Occupations
Mass Incarceration
The Seduction of Athletics and Entertainment
Gender
Gender Equality in African American Families
The Dilemmas for Women and Men
Education and Gender
Negative Expectations for Boys
Standards of Beauty
Social Class
The Black Middle Class
Black Poverty
Other Differences Between the Black Middle and Lower Classes
Physical and Mental Health
Culturally Alert Counseling Interventions
Particular Concerns of African American Clients
Guidelines for Counseling African Americans
Lee’s Guidelines for Counseling African Americans
Africentric Counseling
African Centered Psychology
The TRIOS Model
Summary
References
Chapter 7East and Southeast Asian Americans
Case Vignette
Demographic Characteristics
Sociopolitical History
Anti-Asian Sentiment
The Immigration Act of 1965
The Ending of the War in Southeast Asia
Case Vignette
East and Southeast Asian Cultures
Acculturation and Enculturation
Racial and Ethnic Identity Development
Conformity
Dissonance and Beginning to Appreciate
Resistance and Immersion
Introspection and Internalization
Universal Awareness
Asian Cultural Values
Variations in Values Among Asian Cultures
Communication Patterns
Language
Context
Face
Honorifics and Diminutions
Politeness and Emotional Expression
Mental Health Issues for Asian Americans
Racism
History of Anti-Asian Racism
Current Anti-Asian Racism
Microaggressions
Institutional Racism
Racism and Counseling
The Model Minority Stereotype
Model Minority and Diversity Among Asian Americans
Model Minority as a Stressor
Acculturative Stress
Premigration History as Related to Mental Health
Culture-Bound Syndromes
Intervention Issues and Strategies
Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services
Psychological Assessment
Indigenous Healing Methods
Conventional Approaches to Psychological Treatment and Asian Americans
Modification of Conventional Counseling for Asian Americans
Five Factors for Working With Asian Americans
Working With Asian American Families
Additional Sources of Mental Health Support
Summary
References
Chapter 8 Native Americans
Case Scenarios
Case Vignette
Group Membership and Terminology
Native Americans Today
Demographics
Current Efforts Within Native Communities
Indigenous Ways of Knowing
Sociocultural Characteristics: Walking the Good Red Road
Acculturation
Cultural Identity and the Tribal Nation
Family
Wisdom Keepers
Surviving “History:” A Story of Healing from Intergenerational Grief and Trauma
Current Social, Economic, and Political Issues
Identity
Self-Determination and Sovereignty
Federal and State Recognition
Cultural Preservation
Achievement Gap
Barriers to Economic Development
Gaming
Tribal Resources
Treaty Rights
Religious Freedom
Sacred Sites, Repatriation, and Reburial
Mascot Issues
Living Native Ways: Cultural Values
Humility
Generosity
Patience
Time
Being
Spirituality
Eagle Speaks
Communication Style
Indian Humor
Mental Health Issues and Counseling Native Americans
Native Strengths and Challenges
Contemporary Counseling Interventions for Native Americans
Identity, Family, and Acculturation
Healing from Historical Trauma and the Impact of Oppression
Drawing on Traditions
Integrating Spirituality
Using the Rule of Opposites and Seeking Balance
Communicating
Humor
Practical Interventions
Working from a Social Justice and Advocacy Counseling Perspective
Summary
References
Chapter 9 White Americans of European Descent
Introduction
Case Vignette
Organization and Purposes of This Chapter
Who are European Americans?
WEA History
Racioethnic Categorization
Characteristics of White Americans of European Descent
Characteristics of Specific White American Ethnic Groups
Characteristics of Specific European American Ethnic Groups
Northern European Protestant Americans
Counseling Considerations
Counseling Considerations
Counseling Considerations
Counseling Considerations
Other European American Groups
Counseling Considerations
Counseling Considerations
Counseling Considerations
Counseling Considerations
Counseling Considerations
Overall Counseling Implications
Mental Health Issues for European Americans
Counseling between European Americans and Clients of Color
Counseling Resolutions in the Vignettes
Summary
References
Chapter 10 Middle Eastern/North African (MENA) Ancestry
Case Vignette
Popular Views of People with MENA Ancestry
Defining the Identity of People from the MENA Region
Immigration from the Middle East
Characteristics of MENA Cultures
Core Values
Collectivism
Acculturation and MENA Families
Family Roles and Parenting
Gender Roles within the Family
Religion and Social Support
Communication Styles
School and Career
Traditional Clothing
Mental Health Issues for Americans of MENA Descent
Risks, Stressors, and Diagnosed Mental Disorders
Discrimination and Acculturative Stress
Children and Elderly With Special Needs
Intimate Partner Violence
Trauma
Somatization
Other Common Disorders
Addictions: Substance Abuse and Gambling
Ethnic Identity Socialization: Acculturation, Enculturation, and Adjustment
Counseling Interventions
Protective Factors in MENA Americans
Family and Community Involvement in Individuals’ Lives
Assessment and Recommended Counseling Modalities: Structured and Relational
Counselor Self-Awareness
Counselor Advocacy and Other Roles
Summary
References
Chapter 11 Latino/a Americans
Case Vignette
Introduction
Hispanic or Latino/a: What’s in a Name?
Latino/a Demographics
Latino/a Ethnicity and Race
Stereotypes, Racism, and Prejudice
Latino/a Cultures
Commonalities Among Latino/a Peoples
Regional Differences
Language: Spanish, English, and Spanglish
La Familia: Family Relationships in Latino/a Culture
Latino/a Gender Issues
Acculturation and Enculturation
Understanding Client Ethnic Identity
Biculturalism Identities
Measuring Biculturalism
The Bicultural Orientation Model
The Latino Dimensions of Family and Personal Identity
Immigration
Particular Subgroups of Latinos/as
Latinos/as Not From Mexico, Puerto Rico, or Cuba
LGBTQ Latinos/as
Latino/a Professionals and Students
Latino/a Elderly
Latinos/as in the Prison System
Latinos/as in the Military
Young Latino/a Children
Counseling Latinos/as
Acknowledging Racism and Prejudice
Access Issues in Counseling
Laws and Policies That Affect Latino/a Clients
Summary
References
Chapter 12South Asian Americans
Case Vignette
Demographic Characteristics of South Asians
Immigration Patterns and Experiences of South Asians
Cultural Values and Characteristics of South Asian Americans
Patriarchy
Reticence
Collectivism
Religion and Spirituality
Implications of South Asian Values for Counseling
Acculturation Challenges and Strategies for South Asian Americans
Acculturation Strategies
Acculturative Stress
Culture Shock
Experiences of Prejudice or Perceived Prejudice
Ethnic Identity
Gender Roles
Family Conflicts
Sense of Inferiority
Communication Problems
Sense of Uncertainty
Loss of Support Systems
Nostalgia or Homesickness
Feelings of Guilt
Assessing Acculturation
Mental Health and South Asian Americans
The Absence of Information on Mental Health and South Asian Americans
Asian Americans as a Model Minority
Model Minority Myth Debunked
Failure to Seek Professional Help
Misconceptions About Mental Health and South Asian Americans
Presenting Psychological Problems of South Asians
Physical Complaints
External Attributions
Avoiding Early Childhood Exploration
Spiritualizing Emotional Difficulties
Career Concerns
Specific Mental Health Concerns of South Asians
Problems of South Asian American Youth
South Asian American Parents’ Concerns About Their Children
Additional Concerns
Counseling and Psychotherapy with South Asian Americans
Special Guidelines
Counselor Self-Examination
Consultation With Healers in the South Asian Community
The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Counseling
The Family First Concept
South Asians as Targets of Prejudice and Discrimination
South Asians and Internalized Racism
Level of Acculturation
Generation Gap Issues of South Asian Immigrants and Their Children
Using a Relational Style of Counseling
Dealing With Sex-Related Concerns
Incorporating Strategies Into Three Main Stages of Counseling
First Stage: Exploration
Second Stage: Insight
Third Stage: Action
Four Strategies for Working With South Asian Clients
Using Cultural Genograms
Narratives and Stories
Bibliotherapy and Psychoeducation
Group Counseling With South Asians
Summary
References
Part III: Social Groups
Chapter 13Social Class
Case Vignette
Definitions and Implications of Class
Definitions: Criteria for Determining Class
Objective Dimensions of Class
Objective Descriptions of Classes
The Upper Classes
The Upper Middle Classes
The Lower-Middle and Working Classes
The Poor: Working Poor and Underclass
The Working Poor
The Poor or Underclass
The Subjective Dimensions of Class
Class in Context
The Context of Multiple Identities
Cultural Patterns and Lifestyle Perspectives in the Context of Class
Family Life in the Context of Class
Marriage in the Context of Class
Parenting Styles in the Context of Class
Experience of Childhood and Adolescence in the Context of Class
Transition to Adulthood
Education in the Context of Class
Career Development and Work–Life Issues in the Context of Class
Career Choices
Work–Family Issues
Change in Class Status
Costs of Upward Mobility
Downward Social Mobility
Classism
External Classism
Internalized Classism
Institutional Classism
Institutional Classism in Public Policy
Institutional Classism in Education
Mental Health and Class Differences
Prevalence of Disorders
Reasons for Class Differences in Mental Health
Effects of the Environment
Class-Related Values
Diagnostic Bias
Class Bias in Counseling Practice
Class-Biased Assumptions
Class Bias in the Counseling Relationship
Power
Compromises and Values
Shame
Class Bias in Schools and School Counseling
Class Bias in Mental Health Counseling
Class-Alert Counseling: Assessment and Intervention
Considering Class Factors: Counselor Self-Assessment
Assessing for Class Context
The Case of Jean
Class-Alert Assessment of Jean
Class-Alert Intervention With Jean
Paying Immediate Attention to Survival Needs
Structural Issues in the Case of Jean
Being Alert to Class-Related Communication Style
Pathologizing Grief
The Class-Alert Counselor’s Actions
Class-Alert Practice
Summary
References
Chapter 14 Gender
Case Vignette
Sex versus Gender
Margaret Fuller
Gender Role Development and Socialization
Gender as Choice
The Traditional Model of Sex and Gender
Historical Shifts in Gender Assumptions
The Power of Socialization
Theories of Gender Development
Emphasis on Nature in Gender Development
Emphasis on Nurture in Gender Development
Gender Stereotypes
The Function of Gender Stereotypes
Drawbacks of Gender Stereotypes
Gender Role Conflict
The Alternative: Fluid Gender
Gender and Counseling
The Power of Gender Stereotypes and Biases in Counseling
Experiences of Men and Women in Counseling
Counseling Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Individuals
Counselor Values and TGNC Clients
Characteristics of Gender Dyads in Counseling
The Effects of Sex Combinations in Counseling
Male Counselor–Male Client
Female Counselor–Male Client
Male Counselor–Female Client
Female Counselor–Female Client
Gender-Attuned Interventions
Feminist Therapy
Gender-Fair Counseling
Summary
References
Chapter 15 Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients
Case Vignette
Self-Awareness
Attitudes Toward LGB Persons
Correlates of Heterosexuals’ Attitudes and Behaviors Toward LGB Persons
Counselors’ Attitudes Toward LGB persons
The Impact of Heterosexist and Bisexist Biases in Counseling Work
Types of Problematic Counselor Heterosexist and Bisexist Responses
Identifying and Challenging Heterosexism and Bisexism
Knowledge about Sexual Orientation
Sexual Orientation as a Continuum
Same-Sex and Bisexual Attractions
Causes of Sexual Orientation
Social and Psychological Dimensions of Minority Sexual Orientation
Skills
Using Nonheterosexist, Non-Monosexist, and Inclusive Language
Responding to Clients’ Disclosures of Their Sexual Identities
Conceptualizing the Role of Sexual Orientation in the Counseling Process
Facilitating Sexual Identity Development and the Coming-Out Process
External Oppression: Attending to the Heterosexist and/or Bisexist Context of Clients’ Lives
Internalized Oppression: Identifying and Challenging Internalized Heterosexism and/or Bisexism
Exploring Multiple Identities of LGB Clients
Counselors’ Self-Disclosure of Their Sexual Orientation
Engaging in Activism Toward the Eradication of Heterosexism and Bisexism
Skills: Case Example
Skills: Activities
Summary
References
Chapter 16 Religion and Spirituality
Case Vignette
Religion and Spirituality
Defining Religion
Defining Spirituality
Comparing Religion and Spirituality
Psychological Aspects of Religion and Spirituality
Psychological Functions of Religion and Spirituality
Healthy and Unhealthy Religion and Spirituality
Assessing the Healthiness of Religion and Spirituality
Beliefs of the Major Religious Groups in the United States and Implications for Counseling
Christianity
Islam
Judaism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Earth-Based Religions and Paganism
Agnosticism, Humanism, and Unitarian Universalism
The Intersection of Religion, Spirituality, and Ethnicity
Religious and Spiritual Development
Religion and Counseling
Awareness
Countertransference
Overcoming Bias
Knowledge
Skills
Informed Consent
Assessment
Intervention
Network, Referral, Consultation, and Partnership With Indigenous Healers
Applying Religiously Alert Interventions to the Vignettes
Applying Universal Competencies to the Vignettes
Applying Countertransference Awareness to the Vignettes
Applying Explicit Interventions to the Vignettes
Intervening in the Case of Brittany
Intervening in the Case of Geoff
Intervening in the Case of Joseph
Summary
References
Chapter 17 Individuals With Disabilities
Case Vignette
Introduction
Definition of Disability
Categories of Disabilities
Physical and Mobility Disabilities
Sensory Disabilities
Health Disabilities
Psychological and Psychiatric Disabilities
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Early Disability Legislation and Disability Movements
Historical Perspective
The Disability Rights Movement
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
ADA Amendments Act of 2008
Highlights of the Final Rules to Amend Title II of the ADA
Key Concepts
Barriers
Ableism
Spread
Language and Disability
Learned Helplessness
Implications for Practice
Bias in Assessment
Bias in Counseling
Understanding the Challenges Associated With Disability
Prerequisite: Counselor Knowledge of Disabilities
The Capabilities Approach
Adopting a Person-Centered Approach
Strengths-Based Approaches
Implementing the Social/Minority Model
The Use of Narrative Approaches
Use of Social/Minority and Strengths-Based Approaches in the Case of Paul
Summary
References
Chapter 18Immigrants and Refugees: Facilitating Cultural Transition
Case Vignette
Migration in Current National and International Contexts
Defining Migrant
Current Socio-Political Climate and Reality Related to Migration
General Characteristics of Immigrants and Refugees
Immigrants
Refugees
Strength and Resilience of Immigrants and Refugees
Resilience and Distress
Three Phases in Migration
Premigration Stressors
Stressors During Migration
Postmigration Stressors
Postmigration Stressors and Counseling Responses
Acculturation and Acculturative Stress
Acculturation
Acculturative Stress
Language Barriers
Intergenerational Conflict
Divergent Cultural Beliefs on Mental Health and Help Seeking
Racism and Discrimination
Adjustment to Postmigration Loss in Status and Identity
Domestic Violence
Counseling Refugee Survivors of Trauma and/or Torture
Effects of Torture
Trauma Therapy Model
Incorporating Social Advocacy and Community Resources into Counseling
Subsistence Needs
Oppression and Systemic Barriers
Summary
References
Chapter 19Military Populations
Case Vignette
Military Structure
Five Branches
Rank (Officer Versus Enlisted)
Hierarchy and Rank
Enlisted
Commissioned Officers
Noncommissioned Officers
Warrant Officers
Military Cultural Norms
Explicit
Implicit
Hypermasculinity
Collectivism
Hierarchy
“The Fortress”
Military Families
Family Challenges and Stressors
Strengths
The Deployment Cycle
Pre-Deployment
Deployment
Sustainment
Redeployment
Post-Deployment
Difference in Deployments: Purposes, Duration
Separation from the Military
Voluntary Separation
Retirement
Involuntary Separation
Systemic and Cultural Shifts
Changes (and Resulting Challenges) in Combat
Lifting “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell”
Transgender Service Members
Military Sexual Trauma and Domestic Violence
Suggestions for Counseling
Cognitive Behavioral Approaches
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Neurofeedback
Equine and Other Animal Therapies
Summary
References
Part IV: Implications for Practice
Chapter 20The Practice of Culturally Alert Counseling
Case Vignette
Overview of the Chapter
Culturally Alert Intervention: An Inexact Art
Culture and Counseling Methods: An Emerging Understanding
Skills Theme One: Accessibility
Accessibility by Being Approachable
Accessibility by Adapting Language
Accessibility by Showing Trustworthiness
Skills Theme Two: Assessment
Culturally Alert Observation of Clients
Doing Culturally Oriented Questioning
Practicing Culturally Sensitive Diagnosis
Guide to the Culturally Alert Use of the DSM
Using Tests in a Culturally Alert Fashion
The Use of Tests
Skills Theme Three: Counseling Interventions
Intervention Strategy One: Challenging Internalized Oppressions
Intervention Strategy Two: Adapting Common Counseling Approaches to Culture
Intervention Strategy Three: Applying the Narrative Approach to Culture
Summary
References
Index

✦ Subjects

Counseling