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π SIMILAR VOLUMES
## Background and objectives: Cryogen spray cooling (csc) is used extensively for epidermal protection during laser-induced photothermolysis of port wine stains and other vascular skin lesions. the efficacy of csc depends critically on the heat transfer coefficient (h) at the skin surface for which
## Abstract ## Background and Objectives Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to preβcool the epidermis during dermatological laser procedures such as treatment of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks, hair removal, and nonβablative photorejuvenation. Thus far, heat transfer studies related to CSC opti
## Background and objectives: Cryogen spray cooling (csc) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatological surgery. however, while csc can protect the epidermis from non-specific thermal damage, the cryogen film on the skin surface may pose a potential problem of laser l