ABA. See Abscisic acid (ABA) Abiotic stress crop productivity with protection from, 523f genetic adaptation of cassava to, 416-18, 418f genetic adaptation of vegetables for, 397 sources for tolerance to, 293-94 conditions of evolution of, 293 germplasm pool with, 293 region of, 293 Abscisic acid (ABA), 221 Africa. See also West Asia and North Africa agroecological zones in, 67-68 chickpea grown in, 252f climate change in, 66-75 agricultural production with, 67-70 biotechnology for, 73-74 challenges of, 70-71 coping and adaptation strategies to, 71-72, 72f crop intensification for, 73 diversification for, 73 farmers' perceptions of, 71, 71b farmers' strategies for, 71-72, 72f greenhouse gas with, 67 growing season changes with, 67 land available for agriculture with, 67-70 productivity-enhancing technologies for, 72-73 recommendations for, 74-75 research strategies for, 72-74 Sahel, 69-70 disease pressure high in, 67 environmental disasters in, 67 floods and droughts in, 67 population growth of, 66, 67 size of, 66 sorghum grown in, 326, 327t sub-Saharan, 67 undernourished people in, 111, 112f water stress or scarcity projected for, 113f AGRA. See Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa Agricultural adjustments, 156-64 climate change predictions for, 157 crop production implications with, 157-60, 158t ENSO phenomenon in, 158 interventions to minimize, 160-63 breeding and selection, 160 management, 160-63, 162f, 163f precipitation changes in, 156-57 temperature changes in, 156-57 water shortage in, 161 Agricultural research institutes (ARI), 329 Agriculture adaptation options in government policies to support, 9-10 insurance schemes, 8-9 international trade, 9 as norm, 7-8 production technology adjustments, 8 African climate change and production of, 67-70 African land available for, 67 African land available for agriculture, 67 ENSO's impact on, 52 Europe, 78 climate conditions for, 78-79 former Soviet Union, geography of, 85-88, 86f impacts of climate change on, 495-96, 496f semiarid tropic climate change impacts for, 116-20, 119t