Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
About the Authors......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
PART ONE: Legal Foundations of Criminal Justice......Page 28
CHAPTER 1: Fundamentals of Criminal Law and Procedure......Page 29
Introduction......Page 30
What Is a Crime?......Page 31
Origins and Sources of the Criminal Law......Page 35
Constitutional Limitations......Page 39
The Criminal Process......Page 40
Criminal Sanctions......Page 42
CHAPTER 2: Organization of the Criminal Justice System......Page 45
Legislatures......Page 46
Law Enforcement Agencies......Page 49
Prosecutorial Agencies......Page 52
Counsel for the Defense......Page 53
Juries......Page 55
The Courts......Page 57
The Juvenile Justice System......Page 63
The Corrections System......Page 65
PART TWO: The Substantive Criminal Law......Page 70
CHAPTER 3: Constitutional Limitations on the Prohibition of Criminal Conduct......Page 71
Introduction......Page 72
The Power to Enact Criminal Laws......Page 73
Delimiting the Crime of Treason......Page 76
Bills of Attainder and Ex Post Facto Laws......Page 77
The Bill of Rights......Page 79
The First Amendment Freedom of Expression......Page 80
Freedom of Assembly......Page 85
Free Exercise of Religion......Page 86
The Doctrines of Vagueness and Overbreadth......Page 88
Freedom from Compulsory Self-Incrimination......Page 90
The Prohibition against Cruel and Unusual Punishments......Page 91
The Constitutional Right of Privacy......Page 92
Equal Protection of the Laws......Page 95
Standards of Judicial Review......Page 96
The Importance of State Constitutions......Page 97
CHAPTER 4: Elements of Crimes and Parties to Crimes......Page 100
The Actus Reus (The Act Requirement)......Page 101
The Mens Rea (The Criminal Intent Requirement)......Page 105
Strict Liability Offenses......Page 111
Parties to a Crime......Page 113
CHAPTER 5: Inchoate Offenses......Page 118
Attempt......Page 119
Solicitation......Page 122
Conspiracy......Page 125
CHAPTER 6: Offenses against Persons......Page 134
Introduction......Page 135
Assaultive Offenses......Page 136
Stalking......Page 140
Homicide......Page 143
Suicide......Page 156
Rape and Sexual Battery......Page 159
Abortion......Page 171
Abusive Offenses......Page 172
False Imprisonment and Kidnapping......Page 176
Civil Rights Offenses......Page 180
Hate Crimes......Page 182
CHAPTER 7: Property Crimes......Page 187
The Common-Law Theft Offenses......Page 188
The Modern Approach to Theft Offenses......Page 191
Identity Theft......Page 196
Intellectual Property Offenses......Page 197
Robbery......Page 201
Forgery and Uttering a Forged Instrument......Page 205
Worthless Checks......Page 207
Access Device Fraud......Page 208
Habitation Offenses......Page 210
Malicious Mischief......Page 214
Extortion......Page 215
Defenses to Property Crimes......Page 216
CHAPTER 8: Offenses against Public Morality......Page 220
Introduction......Page 221
Criminal Prohibitions of Consensual Sexual Conduct......Page 223
Indecent Exposure......Page 230
Voyeurism......Page 231
Obscenity and Pornography......Page 232
Profanity......Page 238
Gambling......Page 240
Animal Cruelty......Page 243
CHAPTER 9: Alcohol and Drug Offenses......Page 246
Prohibition and Regulation of Alcoholic Beverages......Page 247
Driving under the Influence......Page 249
Origins of the Prohibition of Drugs......Page 252
Modern Drug Laws......Page 253
Prohibition of Drug Paraphernalia......Page 257
Problems of Drug Enforcement and Prosecution......Page 258
The "War on Drugs"......Page 260
Drug Courts: A New Approach......Page 266
CHAPTER 10: White-Collar and Organized Crime......Page 270
Introduction......Page 271
Legal Principles Governing White-Collar Crimes......Page 272
Common Federal White-Collar Crimes......Page 273
Organized Crime......Page 284
Defenses in White-Collar and Organized Crime Cases......Page 289
CHAPTER 11: Offenses against Public Health and the Environment......Page 292
Introduction......Page 293
Public Health Legislation......Page 294
Planning and Zoning Laws......Page 299
The Scope of Federal and State Environmental Statutes......Page 300
Noise Pollution......Page 311
Antismoking Legislation......Page 312
Wildlife Protection Laws......Page 313
CHAPTER 12: Offenses against Public Order, Safety, and National Security......Page 320
Introduction......Page 321
Breaches of the Peace......Page 322
Vagrancy, Loitering, Curfews, and Panhandling......Page 327
Motor Vehicle Violations......Page 335
Weapons Offenses......Page 336
Offenses against National Security......Page 339
Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction......Page 342
Immigration Offenses......Page 345
CHAPTER 13: Offenses against Justice and Public Administration......Page 349
Bribery......Page 350
Perjury......Page 354
Obstruction of Justice......Page 358
Resisting Arrest......Page 359
Compounding a Crime......Page 360
Escape......Page 361
Contempt......Page 363
CHAPTER 14: Criminal Responsibility and Defenses......Page 370
Defenses in General......Page 371
Defenses Asserting Lack of Capacity to Commit a Crime......Page 372
Defenses Asserting Excuse or Justification......Page 380
Defenses Justifying the Use of Force......Page 386
Defenses Based on Constitutional and Statutory Authority......Page 394
Defenses Based on Improper Government Conduct......Page 399
Nontraditional Defenses......Page 404
PART THREE: Law Enforcement and Criminal Procedure......Page 412
CHAPTER 15: Search and Seizure......Page 413
Historical Background......Page 414
When, Where, and to Whom the Fourth Amendment Applies......Page 417
The Scope of Privacy Protected by the Fourth Amendment......Page 422
The Warrant Requirement......Page 424
Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement......Page 434
Exceptions to the Probable Cause Requirement......Page 440
Electronic Surveillance......Page 443
The Exclusionary Rule......Page 449
CHAPTER 16: Arrest, Interrogation, and Identification Procedures......Page 457
Introduction......Page 458
Arrest......Page 459
Investigatory Detention......Page 466
Roadblocks, Sobriety Checkpoints, and Drug Checkpoints......Page 472
Requests for Information or Identification......Page 474
Interrogation and Confessions......Page 475
Identification Procedures......Page 480
CHAPTER 17: The Pretrial Process......Page 487
Introduction......Page 488
The Right to Counsel......Page 489
Disposition of Petty Offenses......Page 494
The Initial Court Appearance......Page 495
Pretrial Release and Pretrial Detention......Page 496
The Formal Charging Process......Page 498
The Grand Jury......Page 500
Extradition......Page 503
Jurisdiction and Venue......Page 504
Joinder and Severance......Page 505
Pretrial Motions......Page 508
Arraignment......Page 510
Plea Bargaining......Page 511
Pretrial Discovery......Page 513
The Right to a Speedy Trial......Page 517
CHAPTER 18: The Criminal Trial......Page 521
Constitutional Rights Pertaining to the Criminal Trial......Page 522
Selection of the Jury......Page 526
Free Press versus Fair Trial......Page 531
"Order in the Court"......Page 533
The Rules of Evidence......Page 536
The Trial Process......Page 549
CHAPTER 19: Sentencing and Punishment......Page 564
Introduction......Page 565
Contemporary Forms of Criminal Punishment......Page 567
The Death Penalty......Page 573
The Sentencing Stage of the Criminal Process......Page 581
Granting and Revoking Probation......Page 586
Statutory Approaches to Incarceration......Page 589
The Rights of Prisoners......Page 597
The Rights of Crime Victims......Page 601
CHAPTER 20: Appeal and Postconviction Relief......Page 606
Introduction......Page 607
Appeal of Right......Page 608
Discretionary Review......Page 612
The Appellate Process......Page 613
Postconviction Relief......Page 619
Nonjudicial Remedies Available to Persons Convicted of Crimes......Page 629
Getting Started in Legal Research......Page 634
Annotated State Codes......Page 635
The Regional Reporters......Page 639
United States Law Week......Page 641
KeyCite......Page 643
Legal Encyclopedias......Page 645
Computerized Legal Research......Page 647
Legal Research Using the Internet......Page 649
How to Research a Specific Point of Law......Page 650
Conclusion......Page 652
APPENDIX B: The Constitution of the United States of America......Page 653
Glossary......Page 668
Case Index......Page 690
Subject Index......Page 699