COVID-19: Science to Social Impact

✍ Scribed by Moones Rahmandoust (editor), Seyed-Omid Ranaei-Siadat (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 275
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book highlights the overview of the COVID-19 pandemic from both the scientific and the social perspectives. The scientific part presents key facts of COVID-19, including the structure of the virus and the techniques for the diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development against the disease, covering state-of-the-art findings and achievements worldwide. The social part is written by WHO professionals who worked on the frontier of the fight against the disease. It covers the global security situation during the pandemic, the WHO and governmental-level risk management measures, and the estimated impact that COVID-19 will eventually create on social life after it is globally controlled.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to the Virus and Its Infection Stages
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Coronaviruses History and SARS-CoV-2 Biology
1.3 Structural Proteins
1.3.1 Spike (S) Protein
1.3.2 Envelope (E) Protein
1.3.3 Membrane (M) Protein
1.3.4 Nucleocapsid (N) Protein
1.4 Nonstructural or Functional Proteins
1.5 Accessory Proteins
1.6 Stages of Infection and Potential Treatment Mechanisms
1.6.1 Inhibiting Viral Entry and Fusion
1.6.2 Inhibiting Viral Replication, Translation, and Release
1.6.3 Enhancing the Innate Immune System
1.6.4 Immunomodulation, Inflammatory Response Attenuating
1.6.5 Vaccine
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 Ongoing Clinical Trials and the Potential Therapeutics for COVID-19 Treatment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Antivirals/Anti-HIV and Antimalarials
2.2.1 Remdesivir
2.2.2 Chloroquine and Hydoroxychloroquine
2.2.3 Favipiravir (Avigan)
2.2.4 Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)
2.2.5 Umifenovir (Arbidol)
2.2.6 Darunavir
2.2.7 Ribavirin
2.2.8 Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
2.2.9 Ivermectin
2.2.10 Tenofovir
2.2.11 Camostat Mesylate
2.2.12 Nafamostat Mesylate
2.2.13 Molnupiravir
2.2.14 Sofosbuvir
2.2.15 Famotidine
2.2.16 Nitazoxanide
2.2.17 Nelfinavir
2.2.18 Auranofin
2.2.19 Carmofur
2.2.20 Galidesivir
2.2.21 Azvudine
2.3 Immunomodulators and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
2.3.1 Natural Killer Cells
2.3.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
2.3.3 Interferons
2.3.4 Convalescent Plasma or Intravenous Immunoglobulin
2.3.5 Anticitokines, Immunosuppressants, and JAK Inhibitors
2.3.6 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
2.3.7 Corticosteroids
2.3.8 Antibiotics
2.3.9 Low Molecular Weight Heparins as Anticoagulants
2.3.10 Adjunctive Supplements and Vitamins
2.3.11 Miscellaneous Therapies
2.4 Recombinant Proteins and Monoclonal Antibodies
2.4.1 APN01
2.4.2 Novaferon
2.4.3 Tocilizumab
2.4.4 Sarilumab
2.4.5 Eculizumab
2.4.6 Bevacizumab
2.4.7 Infliximab
2.4.8 Anakinra
2.4.9 Emapalumab
2.4.10 Meplazumab
2.5 Bioactive Natural Compounds and Herbal Medicines
2.6 Combination Therapy Approach for COVID-19
2.7 Perspectives and Conclusion
Financial support
Conflict of interest
References
3 Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Morphology (Size, Structure, and Shape) of SARS-CoV-2
3.2.1 Structural Proteins
3.2.2 Accessory Proteins
3.2.3 Non-structural Protein
3.3 Disorder Intrinsically Region (DIR)
3.4 Importance of Virus Structure on Vaccine Development
3.5 Substitution Mutations
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 The Main Protease of SARS COV-2 and Its Specific Inhibitors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Proteolytic Process
4.3 Why Mpro Is a Potent Target for Drug Design?
4.4 Mpro Properties
4.5 Drug Design
4.5.1 Investigation of Interactions Between SARS–CoV–2 Mpro and the Inhibitors
4.6 Inhibitors
4.6.1 First-Line SARS-COV-2 Mpro Inhibitors
4.6.2 New Synthetic Compounds
4.6.3 Natural Products Derived from Chinese Traditional Medicines
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Vaccine Development and Immune Responses in COVID-19: Lessons from the Past
5.1 Introduction
5.2 COVID-19 and Immune System Interaction
5.2.1 Innate Immunity
5.2.2 Adaptive (Active) Immune Response
5.3 Vaccine Development
5.3.1 Pre-clinical Studies
5.3.2 Clinical Studies
5.4 Vaccine Platform Technologies
5.4.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines
5.4.2 Inactivated Vaccines
5.4.3 Viral Vectored Vaccines
5.4.4 MRNA Vaccines
5.4.5 DNA-Based Vaccine
5.4.6 Protein Subunit Vaccine
5.5 Other Vaccine Platforms
5.5.1 Virus-like Particles (VLPs)
5.5.2 Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) Vaccine
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review of Current Testing Platforms; Part A
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nucleic Acid Testing
6.2.1 Sequencing
6.2.2 Real-Time PCR
6.2.3 Nested Real-Time PCR
6.2.4 Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR)
6.2.5 Isothermal Amplification Techniques
6.2.6 CRISPR-Cas Systems
6.3 Conclusion
References
7 COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review of Current Testing Platforms; Part B
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Serological (Antibody-Based) Tests
7.3 Biosensors
7.4 Other Approaches
7.4.1 Antigen Detecting Tests
7.4.2 Imaging Modalities
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 COVID-19 and Development: Effects and Consequences
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Gradual Disruption in Growth and Development
8.3 Conclusion: COVID-19 and the Future Developmental Trends
References
9 Covid-19 and Cooperation/Conflict in International Relations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 International Cooperation/Conflict Prior to the COVID-19 Crisis
9.2.1 Realist Perspective
9.2.2 Liberal Perspective
9.2.3 Constructivist Perspective
9.3 Conclusion
References
10 Iran's Foreign Diplomacy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
10.1 Introduction
10.2 International and Regional Systems Under the Shadow of the COVID-19
10.3 Iran’s Status in the International System During Corona Pandemic
10.4 Iran and “Naming and Shaming” Diplomacy
10.5 Conclusion
References