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animal parchment has been used since the seventeenth century; also vegetable parchment in the later stages. Comparative experiments have shown that animal parchment permits only a relatively very slight reduction of the metal sheet; parchment paper allows the metal to be beaten somewhat thinner, but when the linfit is passed the metal adheres so firmly to the paper that it cannot be separated without damage. According to a process devised by J. Heinrich (Ger. Pat. I23,I97 ), thin, tough paper of substance of 25 to 3o grammes per square metre is steeped in a hot solution of borax or alum. The paper is stretched over frames, and a coating, first of albumin and then of isinglass solution, is applied, first to one side and then to the other. Papers of various kinds are now used in many goldbeaters' shops, but only for the first stages; the leaf metal is always finished between ordinary goHbeaters' skin Leaf made from baser metals, however, is beaten throughout between paper. A papr which will serve all the purposes of skin for the manufacture of gold-leaf has yet to be discovered.
๐ SIMILAR VOLUMES
florets characteristic of a number of the Composit~ were present. This substitution was complete, no stigmas of Crocus being present. The substitute was identified as a species of Onopordon closely related to Onopordo'Jz sibthorpianum Boiss and Heldr. The materials had been dyed with a mixture of T
Zinc ... tlitiruntion, hut rather to find if i t Imd nny cffcct on thc nccurncy of the other tletc~minntions. The lend was determined liy tho niethotl of estimnting partly n s peroxide nnd pnrtly n s sulphnte. 111 the cnsc of the two mixtures P and C: thc tin wns cletcrniincd Jcctrolyticnlly from nm