Copyright and cultural institutions : guidelines for digitization for U.S. libraries, archives, and museums

✍ Scribed by Peter B Hirtle; Emily Hudson; Andrew T Kenyon; Cornell University. Library

• Publisher: Cornell University Library
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 275
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The development of new digital technologies has led to fundamental changes in the ways that cultural institutions fulfill their public missions of access, preservation, research, and education. Many institutions are developing publicly-accessible websites in which users can visit online exhibitions, search collection databases, access images of collection items, and in some cases create their own digital content. Digitization, however, also raises the possibility of copyright infringement. It is imperative, therefore, that staff in libraries, archives, and museums have a good understanding of fundamental copyright principles and how institutional procedures can be affected by the law. Copyright and Cultural Institutions was written to assist understanding and compliance with copyright law. It discusses the basics of copyright law and the exclusive rights of the copyright owner, the major exemptions used by cultural heritage institutions, and stresses the importance of "risk assessment" when conducting any digitization project. Two cases studies (on digitizing oral histories and student work) are also included

✦ Table of Contents

Preface......Page 10
 1 Introduction......Page 14
1.1 What is copyright?......Page 15
1.2 The framework of copyright law......Page 19
1.3 Principles of copyright law......Page 22
1.5 Copyright timeline......Page 24
2.2 Types of work protected by copyright......Page 28
2.3 What are the prerequisites for an item to be protected
by copyright?......Page 42
2.4 Works made prior to 1978......Page 49
3.1 Introduction......Page 52
3.2 What is the duration of copyright?......Page 53
3.2.1 Unpublished Works......Page 54
3.2.2 Works first published in the United States......Page 58
3.2.3 Published foreign works......Page 62
3.2.4 Sound recordings......Page 66
3.2.5 Architectural works......Page 67
3.3 Who is the owner of copyright?......Page 68
3.4 How is copyright transferred to others?......Page 76
3.5 Conclusion......Page 78
4.1 Introduction......Page 80
4.2 Exclusive rights......Page 81
4.3 Moral rights......Page 87
4.4 The right to control access to digital works......Page 89
4.5 Infringement......Page 91
4.6 Remedies for Infringement......Page 96
4.7 Conclusion......Page 99
5.1 Introduction......Page 100
5.2 Fair Use......Page 102
5.3 The four factors......Page 105
5.4 Fair-use examples......Page 107
5.5 Fair-use guidelines......Page 112
5.6 Fair use and cultural institutions......Page 114
5.7 Educational performances......Page 115
5.8 Other exemptions......Page 117
5.9 Sovereign immunity......Page 119
6.1 Introduction......Page 120
6.2 Eligibility......Page 122
6.3 Preservation copying of unpublished works......Page 126
6.4 Replacement copying of published works......Page 127
6.5 Digital preservation and replacement copies......Page 128
6.6 Reproductions in response to patron requests......Page 129
6.7 Libraries and archives privileges found outside Section 108......Page 139
6.8 Checklist for libraries and archives provisions......Page 140
7.1 Introduction......Page 142
7.2 What is permission? What is a license?......Page 143
7.3 Negotiating licenses......Page 149
7.4 Sample licenses......Page 151
7.5 License terms......Page 156
7.6 Clickthrough and browse-wrap licenses......Page 160
7.7 Alternative licenses......Page 162
7.8 Conclusion......Page 164
8.1 Introduction......Page 166
8.2 Identifying copyright owners......Page 167
8.3 Strategies for locating copyright owners......Page 172
8.4 Orphan works......Page 184
9.1 Introduction......Page 186
9.2 Trademarks......Page 188
9.3 Right of publicity......Page 191
9.4 Right of privacy and defamation......Page 194
9.5 Contracts......Page 198
9.6 International issues......Page 201
9.7 Traditional knowledge......Page 203
10.1 Introduction......Page 206
10.2 Recap of potential risks......Page 207
10.3 Elements working to minimize risk: the litigation calculus......Page 208
10.4 Cease-and-desist notices......Page 212
10.5 Workflow for minimizing risk......Page 215
10.6 Explain, solicit, document, and contribute......Page 220
10.7 Conclusion......Page 225
11.2 Identification of potentially protected material......Page 228
11.3 Does copyright subsist in any of these items?......Page 229
11.4 Who is the author of the work?......Page 231
11.5 Has copyright in the work expired?......Page 234
11.6 Does the institution wish to perform one of the “exclusive acts” of the copyright owner?......Page 235
11.7 Does digitization fall within any exemptions to infringement in the Copyright Act?......Page 236
11.8 Are there other considerations than just copyright to consider?......Page 237
11.9 Practical suggestions arising from this chapter......Page 238
12.1 Introduction1......Page 240
12.4 Who owns the initial copyright in a DTSP?......Page 241
12.5 Is the work published or unpublished?......Page 243
12.7 Does the institution wish to perform one of the “exclusive acts” of the copyright owner?......Page 247
12.9 Do laws designed to protect student privacy affect digitization?......Page 248
12.10 Risk assessment......Page 250
12.11 Practical suggestions arising from this chapter......Page 254
Further Readings......Page 256
Cases Cited in the Guidelines......Page 258
Notes......Page 260