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πŸ“

Controlled English for knowledge representation

✍ Scribed by Kuhn T.


Year
2010
Tongue
English
Leaves
244
Edition
phd thesis
Category
Library

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✦ Table of Contents


1 Introduction......Page 11
1.1 Motivation......Page 12
1.2 Hypothesis and Approach......Page 14
1.3 Outline......Page 16
2.1 Controlled Natural Languages......Page 17
2.1.2 History of CNLs......Page 18
2.1.3.1 General-Purpose CNLs......Page 20
2.1.4 The Writability Problem of CNLs......Page 21
2.1.4.1 Error Messages......Page 22
2.1.4.2 Predictive Editors......Page 23
2.1.4.3 Language Generation......Page 24
2.1.5 CNL Editors......Page 25
2.1.6 Design Principles for CNLs......Page 26
2.2.1 Syntax of ACE......Page 28
2.2.2.1 Discourse Representation Structures for ACE......Page 36
2.2.2.3 Prepositional Phrases......Page 40
2.2.2.4 Plurals......Page 41
2.2.2.5 Scopes......Page 43
2.2.2.6 Anaphoric References......Page 44
2.3 Knowledge Representation......Page 46
2.3.1 Expert Systems......Page 47
2.3.2 Semantic Web......Page 48
2.3.4 Accessing Knowledge Bases......Page 49
3 Grammar......Page 51
3.1 Controlled English Grammar Requirements......Page 52
3.2.1 Natural Language Grammar Frameworks......Page 54
3.2.2 Parser Generators......Page 56
3.2.3 Definite Clause Grammars......Page 57
3.2.4 Concluding Remarks on Existing Grammar Frameworks......Page 59
3.3.1 Simple Categories and Grammar Rules......Page 60
3.3.2 Pre-terminal Categories......Page 61
3.3.3 Feature Structures......Page 62
3.3.4 Normal Forward and Backward References......Page 63
3.3.5 Scopes and Accessibility......Page 65
3.3.6 Position Operators......Page 66
3.3.8 Complex Backward References......Page 68
3.3.9 Strong Forward References......Page 70
3.3.10.1 Accessibility......Page 71
3.3.10.2 Proximity......Page 72
3.3.10.3 Left-dependence......Page 73
3.3.11 Restriction on Backward References......Page 74
3.4 Codeco as a Prolog DCG......Page 75
3.5 Codeco in a Chart Parser......Page 80
3.5.2 Chart Parser Elements......Page 81
3.5.3.1 General Algorithm......Page 85
3.5.3.3 Initialization......Page 87
3.5.3.5 Prediction......Page 88
3.5.3.6 Completion......Page 89
3.5.3.7 Resolution......Page 90
3.5.3.8 Complexity Considerations......Page 92
3.5.4 Lookahead with Codeco......Page 93
3.6.1 Semantics in Codeco......Page 98
3.7.1 ACE Codeco Coverage......Page 99
3.7.2.1 Lexical Restrictions......Page 100
3.7.2.2 Grammatical Restrictions......Page 101
3.7.3 Exhaustive Language Generation for ACE Codeco......Page 102
3.8.2 Subset Check of ACE Codeco and Full ACE......Page 104
3.8.4 Performance Tests of the Implementations......Page 105
3.9 Concluding Remarks on Codeco......Page 107
4 Tools......Page 108
4.1 Design Principles for CNL User Interfaces......Page 109
4.2 ACE Editor......Page 110
4.2.1 Predictive Editing Approach......Page 111
4.2.2 Components of the Predictive Editor......Page 113
4.3.1 Rule Interpretation in AceRules......Page 115
4.3.2 Multi-Semantics Architecture of AceRules......Page 117
4.3.3 AceRules Interface......Page 118
4.4 AceWiki......Page 119
4.4.1 Other Semantic Wikis......Page 121
4.4.2 Expressing Knowledge in AceWiki......Page 122
4.4.2.2 CNL and Full Natural Language......Page 123
4.4.2.3 Pattern-based Suggestions......Page 124
4.4.3 Reasoning in AceWiki......Page 125
4.4.3.1 Reasoner Coverage......Page 126
4.4.3.3 Queries......Page 127
4.4.3.5 Unique Name Assumption......Page 128
4.4.4 AceWiki Experiments......Page 129
4.4.4.1 Design......Page 130
4.4.4.2 Participants......Page 131
4.4.4.3 Results......Page 132
4.4.5.1 Design......Page 136
4.4.5.2 Results......Page 137
4.5 Concluding Remarks on CNL Tools......Page 139
5 Understandability......Page 140
5.1.1 Task-based CNL Experiments......Page 141
5.1.2 Paraphrase-based CNL Experiments......Page 142
5.2 The Ontograph Framework......Page 143
5.2.1 The Ontograph Notation......Page 144
5.2.2 Properties of the Ontograph Notation......Page 146
5.2.4 Ontograph Experiments......Page 148
5.3 First Ontograph Experiment......Page 149
5.3.1 Design of the first Ontograph Experiment......Page 150
5.3.2.2 Time......Page 151
5.3.2.3 Individual Statements......Page 152
5.4 Second Ontograph Experiment......Page 154
5.4.1.1 Comparable Language......Page 155
5.4.1.2 Learning Time......Page 156
5.4.1.4 Ontographs and Statements......Page 157
5.4.1.5 Groups......Page 158
5.4.1.6 Procedure......Page 159
5.4.1.7 Language Description Sheets......Page 161
5.4.1.8 Payout......Page 163
5.4.2 Results of the second Ontograph Experiment......Page 164
5.4.2.1 General Classification Scores......Page 165
5.4.2.2 Time......Page 166
5.4.2.4 Significance......Page 168
5.4.2.5 Regression......Page 169
5.4.2.6 Individual Statements......Page 172
5.5 Ontograph Framework Evaluation......Page 174
5.6 Conclusions from the Ontograph Experiments......Page 175
5.7 Limitations and Other Applications......Page 176
6.1 Conclusions......Page 178
6.2 Outlook......Page 180
A.1 Features of ACE Codeco......Page 181
A.2 Grammar Rules of ACE Codeco......Page 183
A.3 Lexical Rules of ACE Codeco......Page 196
B.1 Resources of the first Ontograph Experiment......Page 198
B.2 Resources of the second Ontograph Experiment......Page 203
B.2.1 Ontograph Series 1......Page 204
B.2.2 Ontograph Series 2......Page 209
B.2.3 Ontograph Series 3......Page 214
B.2.4 Ontograph Series 4......Page 219
B.2.5 Questionnaire......Page 224
Bibliography......Page 225
Publications......Page 241
Curriculum Vitæ......Page 243


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