Control of Spacecraft and Aircraft

✍ Scribed by Arthur E. Bryson

• Publisher: Princeton University Press
• Year: 2015
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 405
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Here a leading researcher provides a comprehensive treatment of the design of automatic control logic for spacecraft and aircraft. In this book Arthur Bryson describes the linear-quadratic-regulator (LQR) method of feedback control synthesis, which coordinates multiple controls, producing graceful maneuvers comparable to those of an expert pilot.

The first half of the work is about attitude control of rigid and flexible spacecraft using momentum wheels, spin, fixed thrusters, and gimbaled engines. Guidance for nearly circular orbits is discussed. The second half is about aircraft attitude and flight path control. This section discusses autopilot designs for cruise, climb-descent, coordinated turns, and automatic landing. One chapter deals with controlling helicopters near hover, and another offers an introduction to the stabilization of aeroelastic instabilities. Throughout the book there is a strong emphasis on the mathematical modeling necessary for designing a good feedback control system. The appendixes summarize analysis of linear dynamic systems, synthesis of analog and digital feedback control, simulation, and modeling of flexible vehicles.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface and Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 – Natural Motions of Rigid Spacecraft
1.1 Translational Motions in Space
1.2 Translational Motions in Circular Orbit
1.3 Rotational Motions in Space
1.4 Rotational Motions in Circular Orbit
1.5 Disturbances
Chapter 2 – Spacecraft Sensors and Attitude Determination
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Infra-Red, Optical, and Radar Sensors
2.3 Orbital Gyrocompassing
2.4 Gyros
2.5 Inertial Measurement Units
Chapter 3 – Attitude Control with Thrusters
3.1 Fast versus Slow Attitude Control
3.2 Fast Attitude Control Using Proportional Thrusters
3.3 Fast Attitude Control Using On-Off Thrusters
Chapter 4 – Attitude Control with Reaction Wheels
4.1 Fast Control
4.2 Slow Pitch Control Using Gravity Desaturation
4.3 Slow Roll/Yaw Control Using Gravity Desaturation
Chapter 5 – Attitude Stabilization with Spin
5.1 Spin Stabilization
5.2 Nutation Damping
5.3 Dual Spin
5.4 Offset Axial Thruster
Chapter 6 – Attitude Control with a Gimbaled Momentum Wheel
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fast Control
6.3 Slow Control Using Gravity Desaturation
Chapter 7 – Attitude Control during Thrust Maneuvers
7.1 Using Reaction Jets
7.2 Using a Gimbaled Engine
7.3 Using Off-Modulation or Spin
Chapter 8 – Control of Translational Motions
8.1 Fast Control
8.2 Slow Control in Nearly Circular Orbit; Cross Track
8.3 Slow Control in Circular Orbit; In-Track/Radial
Chapter 9 – Flexibility and Fuel Slosh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Control Synthesis Using One Vibration Mode
9.3 Parasitic Modes
9.4 Control with Fuel Slosh
9.5 Robust Compensator Synthesis
Chapter 10 – Natural Motions of Rigid Aircraft
10.1 Equations of Motion
10.2 Natural Longitudinal Motions
10.3 Natural Lateral Motions
10.4 Wind Disturbances
Chapter 11 – Aircraft Sensors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Vertical Gyros
11.3 Directional Gyros
11.4 Inertial Measurement Units
11.5 Baro-Inertial Altimeters
Chapter 12 – Control of Longitudinal Motions of Aircraft
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Steady-State Control
12.3 Observability and Controllability
12.4 Control of Climb Rate and Airspeed
12.5 Control of Altitude and Airspeed
12.6 Glide-Slope Capture and Hold
12.7 Flare
Chapter 13 – Control of Lateral Motions of Aircraft
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Steady Bank Angle and Lateral Specific Force
13.3 Steady Sideslip and Yaw Rate
13.4 Observability and Controllability of Lateral Modes
13.5 Control of Bank Angle and Sideforce
13.6 Control of Heading and Sideforce
13.7 Control of Track and Sideforce
Chapter 14 – Control of Helicopters near Hover
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Small Deviations from Steady Hover
14.3 Steady-State Control near Hover
14.4 Control of Velocity Vector and Yaw Rate
Chapter 15 – Aeroelastic Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 A Simple System with a Flutter Mode
15.3 Flutter Suppression for a Simple System
Appendix A – Linear System Representations
A.1 Representations of Linear Dynamic Systems
A.2 Complex Modal State and Residue/Pole
A.3 Real Modal State
A.4 Factored Residue/Pole
A.5 Model Order Reduction
A.6 Example of Different Representations for a MIMO System
Appendix B – Steady-State Control
B.1 Steady-State Control
B.2 Nonzero Set Points and Output Commands
Appendix C – Synthesis of Analog Control Logic
C.1 Frequency Response and Root Locus
C.2 Pole Placement
C.3 Linear-Quadratic-Regulator (LQR) Synthesis
C.4 Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) Estimator Synthesis
C.5 Linear-Quadratic Compensator Synthesis
C.6 Optimal Lower-Order LQG Compensators
C.7 Asymptotic Model Following
C.8 Asymptotic Disturbance Rejection
Appendix D – Synthesis of Digital Control Logic
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Synthesis in the s-Plane
D.3 Synthesis in the z-Plane
D.4 Conversion of Analog Systems to Digital Systems
D.5 Conversion of Analog to Digital Performance Indices
D.6 Linear-Quadratic-Regulator (LQR) Synthesis
D.7 Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) Estimator Synthesis
D.8 LQG Compensator Synthesis
Appendix E – Simulation
E.1 Time Response of Continuous Systems
E.2 Time Response for Digital Systems
E.3 Mean Square Response of Analog Systems with Random Inputs
E.4 Spectral Density of the Response of Analog Systems with Random Inputs
E.5 Mean-Square Response of Discrete-Step Systems
E.6 Digital Simulation with Random Inputs
Appendix F – Modeling Flexible Systems
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Continuum Model of a Uniform Beam
F.3 Rigid Spacecraft with Flexible Appendages
F.4 Truss Structures
References
Index