Contrast techniques in light microscopy

✍ Scribed by Bradbury, Savile; Evennett, Peter

• Publisher: Bios Scientific Publishers
• Year: 1996
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 136
• Series: Microscopy handbooks 34
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Safety......Page 13
Why use a microscope?......Page 14
The need for contrast enhancement......Page 15
Assessment of the image......Page 17
References......Page 19
Light and the specimen......Page 20
Absorption, transmission and reflection of light by the specimen......Page 21
Scattering and diffraction......Page 25
Refraction and polarized light......Page 26
Phase change......Page 29
Fluorescence......Page 30
Stray light......Page 31
References......Page 32
3. Bright-field and Dark-ground Techniques......Page 34
Manipulation of the illumination......Page 35
Oblique light......Page 37
Enhancing contrast by use of colour–natural colour, staining and illumination changes......Page 39
Colour filters......Page 42
Dark-ground imaging for transmitted light......Page 43
Dark-ground epi-illumination......Page 48
Rheinberg illumination......Page 49
Stray light......Page 53
References......Page 54
4. Refractive Differences between Specimen and Mountant; the ‘Becke Line’......Page 56
Dispersion staining......Page 57
References......Page 61
5. Polarized-light Techniques......Page 62
The polarized-light microscope......Page 63
Observations with a single polar......Page 65
Observations between crossed polars; first-order red plate......Page 67
The use of polarized light in reflected-light microscopy......Page 70
References......Page 71
6. Phase Contrast and Modulation Contrast......Page 72
Theory of phase contrast......Page 73
The construction of the phase-contrast microscope......Page 75
Variants of phase contrast......Page 79
The phase-contrast image......Page 81
Phase contrast in reflected light......Page 82
Construction of the modulation-contrast microscope......Page 83
Setting-up phase contrast......Page 86
References......Page 88
7. Interference Contrast......Page 90
Differential interference contrast......Page 93
The DIC microscope......Page 94
The transmitted-light DIC image......Page 99
Setting-up DIC for transmitted light......Page 100
Setting-up DIC for reflected light......Page 101
References......Page 102
8. Fluorescence Microscopy......Page 104
Types of fluorescence......Page 105
The fluorescence microscope......Page 107
Light sources for fluorescence......Page 108
Objectives and filters......Page 109
References......Page 113
Photographic techniques of contrast enhancement......Page 114
Film choice, negative development and printing......Page 115
Image enhancement by video techniques......Page 117
Image modification by digital techniques......Page 118
Contrast enhancement by manipulation of the grey-level histogram......Page 120
References......Page 122
A vector theory approach to phase contrast......Page 124
Reference......Page 127
Index......Page 128

✦ Subjects

Microscopy;Contrast;Microscopia;Microscopia eletronica;Microscopie;Microscopie contraste phase14;Mikroskopie;Phase-contrast microscopy;Kontrasttechnik