About the editors......Page 2
Acknowledgements......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Introduction......Page 14
Overview......Page 16
Notes......Page 25
ONE | Conscription and resisting conscription in a militarized society......Page 28
1 | The militarization of society: conscription and national armies in the process of citizen creation......Page 30
From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey......Page 32
Notes......Page 45
2 | Patriotism and the justification of inequality in the construction of militarism......Page 50
The construction of legitimizing myths......Page 52
Patriotism......Page 54
Conclusion......Page 56
Notes......Page 57
3 | Refusing to serve by other means: desertion in the late Ottoman Empire......Page 58
The size of the problem......Page 59
The reasons......Page 61
Notes......Page 64
4 | Sand in the wheels? Conscientious objection at the turn of the twenty-first century......Page 66
Notes......Page 73
Conscientious objection as a moral stance......Page 74
Civil disobedience as political action......Page 78
Anti-militarism as anti-systemic critique......Page 82
Concluding remarks......Page 84
Notes......Page 85
Anti-militarism and conscientious objection......Page 86
Anti-militarism and civilian life......Page 87
Anti-war/anti-violence and peace......Page 89
Translator’s note......Page 90
TWO | Conscientious objection as a critique of patriarchy, sexism and heterosexism......Page 92
7 | Where are the women in military conscientious objection? Some feminist clues......Page 94
Myth of the military nation and military service as ‘culture’......Page 101
Women of the military nation......Page 104
Sabiha Gökçen: ‘The Dersim Operation and the gun that would protect my honour!’......Page 106
From Kezban, Little Ayse and Sabiha Gökçen to women conscientious objectors......Page 109
‘The existence of women conscientious objectors is guaranteed to challenge established norms’......Page 113
Notes......Page 114
Masculinity and violence......Page 118
Different views on the relationship between masculinity and violence......Page 120
Different masculinities and different forms of violence in Turkey......Page 121
Anti-violent men and conscientious objection......Page 123
10 | Rotten report and reconstructing hegemonic masculinity in Turkey......Page 125
‘Medical examination methods’ employed to issue rotten reports and some real-life examples
......Page 126
Conclusion......Page 128
Notes......Page 129
THREE | Conscientious objection in the world: experiences and problems......Page 132
What is conscientious objection?......Page 134
Challenging hegemonic masculinity......Page 135
Figure 11.1 Relationship between demilitarization and freedom of conscience......Page 136
South Africa......Page 137
Greece......Page 139
Paraguay......Page 140
Notes......Page 142
12 | Military conscription, conscientious objection and democratic citizenship in the Americas......Page 144
Militias, citizen soldiers and caste armies......Page 145
Conscription in the United States today......Page 147
Conscientious objection in the United States......Page 150
Conscription in Mexico......Page 152
By way of conclusion: caste armies and democratic citizenship......Page 154
Notes......Page 155
13 | Conscientious objection in Chile......Page 158
14 | Conscientious objection in Spain: disobedience......Page 162
Note......Page 168
15 | Conscientious objection in Israel......Page 169
The history......Page 173
The situation today......Page 176
Notes......Page 180
17 | Conscientious objection in Turkey......Page 181
Notes......Page 191
A | International law......Page 194
18 | A view on international implementation of the right to conscientious objection......Page 196
Non-armed countries and the right to conscientious objection for professional soldiers in Europe......Page 198
Non-armed countries or professional armies in other sample countries in the world......Page 200
The right to conscientious objection and alternative service......Page 201
Conclusion......Page 206
Notes......Page 208
The UN standards......Page 211
Conclusion......Page 215
Notes......Page 216
20 | European standards on conscientious objection and alternative service......Page 219
Notes......Page 223
21 | Conscientious objection in international law and the Osman Murat Ülke case......Page 225
Osman Murat Ülke v. Turkey......Page 226
The status of conscientious objection in international law......Page 234
Notes......Page 235
B | The case of Turkey......Page 238
The assessment of the court......Page 240
National analysis......Page 242
The transformation of perception......Page 245
Constitutional review......Page 247
Suggestions......Page 252
Notes......Page 254
23 | The criminality of conscientious objection in Turkey and its consequences......Page 255
The source of the tension between substantive law and the conscientious objection to compulsory military service in Turkey......Page 256
Conscientious objectors: victims of a view that prefers ‘law’ to ‘right’......Page 257
Discipline: another source of grievance......Page 259
Conscientious objection declarations and supporting statements......Page 260
Moreover …......Page 263
Notes......Page 267
Notes on contributors......Page 270
Index......Page 272