Confocal Raman Microscopy (Springer Series in Optical Sciences)

✍ Scribed by Olaf Hollricher Dieing Thomas (EDT) Dieing Thomas Dieing, Olaf Hollricher (editor), Jan Toporski (editor)

• Publisher: Springer Verlag
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 300
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Confocal Raman Microscopy is a relatively new technique that allows chemical imaging without specific sample preparation. By integrating a sensitive Raman spectrometer within a state-of-the-art microscope, Raman microscopy with a spatial resolution down to 200nm laterally and 500nm vertically can be achieved using visible light excitation. Recent developments in detector and computer technology as well as optimized instrument design have reduced integration times of Raman spectra by orders of magnitude, so that complete images consisting of tens of thousands of Raman spectra can be acquired in seconds or minutes rather than hours, which used to be standard just one decade ago. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader a comprehensive overview of the rapidly developing field of Confocal Raman Microscopy and its applications.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 High-Resolution Optical and Confocal Microscopy
Olaf Hollricher and Wolfram Ibach
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Introduction to Theoretical Considerations in High-Resolution Microscopy
1.3 Introduction to Confocal Microscopy
1.4 Electromagnetic Scattering in Optical Systems
1.5 3D-Intensity Distribution in the Focus
1.5.1 Large Aperture Angles
1.5.2 Transition to Small Aperture Angles
1.6 Theory of Image Formation
1.6.1 Microscope
1.6.2 Confocal Microscope
1.6.3 Confocal Raman Microscope
1.7 Image Formation for Light Scattering
1.7.1 Scattering Point
1.7.2 Reflection at a Mirror
1.8 Image Formation for Raman Scattering
1.8.1 Raman Emitting Point
1.8.2 Raman Emission of a Layer
1.9 Pinhole Size
References
2 Introduction to the Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy
Benjamin Dietzek, Dana Cialla, Michael Schmitt, and Jürgen Popp
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classical Picture of Light Scattering
2.2.1 Frequency Dependence of Raman Scattering
2.2.2 Classical Selection Rule'' and Comparison to IR Absorption 2.2.3 Scattered Raman Intensity 2.2.4 Shortfalls of the Classical Picture 2.3 Raman Cross-Section Enhancement Mechanisms 2.3.1 Resonant Raman Scattering 2.3.2 Advantages and Applications of Resonance Raman Scattering 2.3.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering References 3 Raman Instrumentation for Confocal Raman Microscopy Olaf Hollricher 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Development of Raman Microscopes 3.3 Confocality 3.4 Throughput of a Confocal Raman Microscope 3.4.1 Laser Wavelength 3.4.2 Excitation Power 3.4.3 Objective 3.4.4 Microscope Throughput 3.4.5 Coupling Between Microscope and Spectrometer 3.4.6 Spectrometer Throughput 3.4.7 Gratings 3.4.8 CCD Detector 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Software Requirements and Data Analysis in Confocal Raman Microscopy Thomas Dieing and Wolfram Ibach 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Requirements for Data Acquisition Software 4.2.1 Data Acquisition 4.2.2 Correlation of Spatial and Spectral Data 4.3 Description of the Data Sets Acquired in Confocal Raman Microscopy 4.4 Pre-processing of Raman Spectra 4.4.1 Cosmic Ray Removal 4.4.2 Smoothing 4.4.3 Background Substraction and Subtraction of Reference Spectra 4.5 Image Generation 4.5.1 Univariate Image Generation 4.5.2 Multivariate Image Generation 4.6 Image Masks and Selective Average Calculation 4.7 Combination of Single Spectra with Multi-spectral Data Sets 4.7.1 Basis Spectra 4.7.2 Fitting Procedure 4.8 Combination of Various Images 4.9 The Law of Numbers 4.10 Materials and Methods References 5 Nano-spectroscopy of Individual Carbon Nanotubes and Isolated Graphene Sheets Alain Jungen 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Individual Carbon Nanotubes 5.2.1 Phonons 5.2.2 Theory 5.2.3 Experiment 5.2.4 Microscopy 5.2.5 Thermography 5.3 Isolated Graphene Sheets 5.3.1 Theory 5.3.2 Experiment 5.3.3 Charge Distributions 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Raman Spectroscopy and Confocal Raman Imaging in Mineralogy and Petrography Marc Fries and Andrew Steele 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging as a Mineralogy/Petrography Tool 6.2.1 Working with Thin Sections 6.2.2 Control of Laser Power 6.3Raman Mineralogy'' Using Imaging Raman Techniques
6.3.1 Mineral Phase Imaging
6.3.2 Crystallographic Orientation Imaging
6.3.3 Phase Composition Imaging
6.4 Examples of ``Raman Petrography'' Applications
6.4.1 Raman Analysis of Shocked Minerals
6.4.2 Contextual Imaging of Carbonaceous Materials
6.4.3 Fluid Inclusions
6.4.4 Ancient Terrestrial Carbonaceous Materials
6.5 Raman Mineralogy in Field Geology Studies
6.5.1 Extraterrestrial Exploration
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Raman Micro-spectral Imaging of Cells and Intracellular Drug Delivery Using Nanocarrier Systems
Christian Matthäus, Tatyana Chernenko, Luis Quintero, Miloš Miljkovic´, Lara Milane, Amit Kale, Mansoor Amiji, Vladimir Torchilin, and Max Diem
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Method
7.2.1 Data Acquisition
7.2.2 Introduction to Data Processing Methods
7.2.3 Experimental
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Cell Imaging
7.3.2 Drug Delivery Systems
7.4 Discussion
References
8 Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
Thomas F. Haefele and Kurt Paulus
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy in PharmaceuticalDevelopment
8.1.2 Imaging in Pharmaceutical Development
8.1.3 Chemical Imaging in Pharmaceutical Development
8.1.4 Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
8.2 Applications of Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
8.2.1 Practical Considerations
8.2.2 Investigation of Solid Dosage Forms by ChemicalImaging
8.3 Conclusions
8.4 Materials and Methods
References
9 Characterization of Therapeutic Coatings on Medical Devices
Klaus Wormuth
9.1 Background
9.2 Passive Therapeutic Coatings
9.2.1 Coating Thickness
9.2.2 Swelling of Hydrophilic Gel Coatings
9.3 Active Therapeutic Coatings
9.3.1 Coating Morphology
9.3.2 Drug Mixed with Single Polymer: Morphologyand Elution
9.3.3 Drug Mixed with Two Polymers: Blendingand Layering
9.3.4 Drug Mixed with Two Polymers: Exposure to Water
9.3.5 Drug Mixed with Biodegradable Polymer: Drug Elution with Polymer Degradation
9.4 Summary
References
10 Raman Imaging of Plant Cell Walls
Notburga Gierlinger
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Plant Cell Walls
10.3 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Plant Fibers
10.4 Plant Cell Wall Imaging by Confocal Raman Microscopy
10.4.1 Imaging Cellulose Orientation and Lignin Distribution in Wooden Cell Walls
10.4.2 Silica and Cell Wall Composition in Horsetail (E. hyemale)
10.5 Outlook
10.6 Material and Methods
References
11 Confocal Raman Imaging of Polymeric Materials
Ute Schmidt, Jörg Müller, and Joachim Koenen
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Raman Imaging of Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP)
11.3 Raman Imaging of Polymer Blends
11.3.1 Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend: Polystyrene (PS)- Ethyl-Hexyl-Acrylate (EHA)
11.3.2 Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend Ethyl-Hexyl-Acrylate (EHA)-Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
11.3.3 Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend PS-EHA-SBR
11.4 Polymer Coatings
11.4.1 Acrylic Paints
11.4.2 Adhesives
11.5 Additives in Polymer Matrices
11.6 Summary
References
12 Stress Analysis by Means of Raman Microscopy
Thomas Wermelinger and Ralph Spolenak
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Theoretical Background
12.1.2 Measuring in Conventional Back-Scattering Configuration
12.1.3 Off-Axis Raman Spectroscopy
12.1.4 Stress Tensor Analysis in Back-Scattering Raman Microscopy
12.2 Case Studies
12.2.1 3D Raman Spectroscopy Measurements
12.2.2 ZnO
12.2.3 The Influence of Stress on the Peak Position of Polymers
12.3 Discussion
References
Index