Populations of a rheophilic cyprinid Barbus barbus have declined in last decades, which created a need of conservation aquaculture. Production of stocking material in controlled conditions calls for optimization of the two major factors, temperature and diet. Condition, growth and food conversion ratio in fish fed a formulated diet Aller Futura were compared with those on natural food-frozen Chironomidae larvae at 17, 21 and 25 1C. Groups of 60 early juveniles (0.6-3.7 g) were reared in each of 18 aquaria in which six experimental groups were run in triplicate. Daily food ratios were adjusted according to fish biomass, differences in hydration between the two diets and rearing temperature. No mortality occurred during the experiment. Condition coefficient K was significantly higher in fish fed Aller Futura compared to those fed Chironomidae irrespective of temperature tested; body deformities were not recorded. Relative growth rate at the same temperature was always higher in fish on the formulated diet than in those fed Chironomidae, and food conversion ratio was always suppressed, both suggesting an efficient utilization of Aller Futura for growth in B. barbus early juveniles. On both diets the coefficient K was depressed at 21 1C. Relative growth rate (RGR) was accelerated with temperature according the Krogh's ''normal curve'' within the range 21-25 1C, while at lower temperatures (17-21 1C) the observed values of temperature coefficient Q 10 were much higher than the theoretical Q 10 values based on Krogh's ''normal curve''. Food conversion ratios (FCR) were reduced on both diets at 21 and 25 1C. Theoretical optimum temperatures for food conversion were 22.0 and 23.6 1C. Summing up, responses of three independent indices: condition, growth and food utilization locate the optimum temperature for B. barbus between 21 and 25 1C. No evidence was found that the effect of temperature on these indices was substantially modified by the diet.