Computer Engineering Applications in Electronic, Biomedical, and Automotive System

✍ Scribed by (Frank Columbus

• Publisher: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 327
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Computer Engineering covers a broad range of applications and overlaps with other fields, including materials science, electrical/electronics, vehicles, physics, and statistics. This book provides insights into a few computer engineering applications in electronics, and in the medical and the automotive fields where advances in robotics, embedded systems, and sensors are creating a bold future. The chapters are written from the perspectives of scientists and engineering consultants who have broad experiences across multiple vendors and manufacturers of systems. Their unique perspectives are formed from work on consumer products including research, development, safety, legal compliance, and standards for products.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1
Wearable Electronic Devices and Technologies
Abstract
Introduction
Early Inventions
Growing Market
Application Domains for Wearable Devices
Form Factors for Wearable Devices
Smartwatches
Head-Mounted Devices
Smart Implants
Smart Rings
Smart Clothing/Textiles
Smart Glasses
Sensors and Sensing Modalities in Wearable Devices
Physiological Sensors
Bioimpedance
Heartbeat Sensors
Electromyography
Photoplethysmography Sensors
SpO2
Geophysical Sensors
Motion
Global Positioning System
Environmental Sensors
Temperature
Chemical Sensors
Microphones
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms for Wearable Devices
Logistic Regression
Naïve Bayes
Convolutional Neural Network
Recurrent Neural Network
Long Short-Term Memory
Transformers
Generative Adversarial Networks
Failure Modes and Failure Analysis of Wearable Devices
Battery Failures
Synchronization and Connectivity Failures
Physical Failures
Inaccurate Sensors
Electromagnetic Interference
Signal Integrity Issues
Unreliable Software
Liquid Intrusion
Short Circuits
Corrosion
Battery Damage
Faulty Sensors
Ingress Protection Rating
Degrees of Protection against Solid Particles
Protection against Water (Second Digit)
The Future of Wearable Devices
Integration and User-Centric Design
Neural Interfaces and Cognitive Interactions
AI-Driven Personalization and Contextual Insights
Immersive Displays and Augmented Reality
Ethical Considerations and Data Security
Continuous and Personalized Healthcare
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 2
Robotics, Computation, and Sensors
Abstract
Introduction
Planning Algorithms for Navigation
Dijkstra’s Algorithm
A* Algorithm
Planning Algorithms for Motion
Actuator Control Algorithms
Existing Robotics Development Platforms
NVIDIA Suite of Robotics Products
Boston Dynamics: Spot
Qualcomm Suite of Robotics Products
Texas Instruments Suite of Robotics Products
Academic Interest in Robotics Computing Hardware
Intuitive
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 3
Applied Image Processing and Computer Vision for Materials Science and Engineering
Abstract
Introduction
A Tutorial on Image Processing and Computer Vision
Representing Images Digitally
Digital Image Processing
Image Filtering
Image Transformation
Image Morphology
Dilation and Erosion
Opening and Closing
Image Arithmetic
Image Histogram Analysis
Edge Detection
Sobel Operator
Canny Edge Detector
Computer Vision
Post Processing
Validation of Results Using Manual Intervention
Applications of Image Processing and Computer Vision: Industry 4.0
Defect Inspection Using Computer Vision
Mounted Gemstone Weight Estimation
Particle Size and Mechanical Property Analysis
Particle Size Analysis Using K-Means Clustering
Isolation of Dust Particles
Post-Processing of Binarized Images
Hole Filling
Removal of Partially Visible Particles
Particle Size Measurement
Choosing an Appropriate Dimension
Converting Pixels to Real-World Measurements
Calculating Representative Particle Sizes
Particle Optical and Mechanical Properties from the Image Processing Approach
References
Appendix
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 4
Integrated Circuits Application in the Automotive Environment
Abstract
Introduction
Power Management Integrated Circuits
Battery Management Integrated Circuits
Motor Control Integrated Circuits
Power Conversion Integrated Circuits
Integrated Circuit Failure
Semiconductor Device Failure Mechanisms
Automotive Electrical Overstress
Automotive Integrated Circuit Requirements
Automotive Quality Management System
Automotive Functional Safety
Automotive Integrated Circuit Qualification Requirements
Electromagnetic Compatibility Requirements
Integrated Circuit Failure Analysis Technique
Electrical Measurement
Time-Domain Reflectometry
Computed Tomography and X-ray Imaging
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
Infrared Thermography
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Looking Forward
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 5
Electronics Thermal Design for Optimum Chip Cooling
Abstract
Introduction
Examples of Acute Effects of Overheating
Physical Factors
Chemical Factors
Physics for Thermal Design
Fundamental Physics of Thermal Design
Thermal Conduction
Thermal Conduction in Microelectronics
Thermal Resistance Model
Thermal Convection
Effective Medium Theory
Percolation Model
Series and Parallel Resistor Model
Thermal Materials
Semiconductor Materials
Thermal Interface Materials
Die Attach Material
Underfill and Encapsulants
Solder, PCB Trace, and Baseboard Materials
Thermal Systems
Heat Sinks
Heat Pipes
Hydro-cooling Systems
Spray Cooling
Jet Impingement
Microchannel Cooling
Future Trends and Outlook
Emerging Thermal Materials
Novel Polymers
Porous Materials
Heat Spreaders
Emerging Thermal Systems
Embedded Liquid Cooling
Immersion Cooling
Solid-State Air Jet Cooling
What Can We Look Forward to?
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 6
Process Controls and Lean Manufacturing for Integrated Circuits Manufacturing
Abstract
Introduction
Integrated Circuit Fundamentals
Integrated Circuit Manufacturing
Statistics Fundamentals
Six Sigma
Lean Manufacturing
Lean Maintenance
Thought Experiment: Is Integrated Circuit Manufacturing too Lean?
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 7
Quantum Computation: From Hardware Challenges to Software Engineering Tools and Technologies
Abstract
Introduction
Motivating Factors
Advantages of Computation with a Quantum System
Basics of Quantum Information and Computation
Building Blocks
Entanglement of Multiple Qubits
Computing with Multiple Qubits
Physical Qubit Implementations
Qubit Type 1: Neutral Atoms
Qubit Type 2: Ion Traps
Qubit Type 3: Quantum Dots
Qubit Type 4: Photons
Qubit Type 5: Superconducting Circuits
Software Architecture
Software Tools and Technologies
Future Trends and Outlook
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 8
Battery Management Systems: From Consumer Electronics to Electric Vehicles
Abstract
Introduction to Lithium-ion Batteries and Their Failure Modes
Battery Management Systems–Mitigation Capabilities
Design and Manufacturing Considerations
Electric Vehicles and the Future
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 9
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Sensor Technology
Abstract
Introduction
SAE International Levels of Automation
Applications
Benefits
Measuring the Performance of ADAS Features
Test 1 – Subject Vehicle Encounters Stopped Principal Other Vehicle
Test 2 – Subject Vehicle Encounters Slower Principal Other Vehicle
Test 3 – Subject Vehicle Encounters Decelerating Principal Other Vehicle
Test 4 – Subject Vehicle Encounters Steel Trench Plate
ADAS-Enabling Sensors
Sensing Limitations – Considerations Given an Incomplete Picture of the World
Distance Measurement
Speed Measurement
Radar Cross Section
Radar Characteristics in ADAS Test Protocols
Radar in Automated Driving Systems
Future Sensor Technology Development
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 10
Medical Robotics and Computing
Abstract
Introduction
Minimally invasive robotic surgery
Definition of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Development of Robotic Surgery
Importance and Benefits of Minimally Invasive Robotics Surgery
The Robotic Surgical System
Robotic Surgical System Components
Robotic Instrument Manipulation and Control
Telesurgery/Teleoperation
da Vinci Medical Robot
Haptic Feedback Surgery Needle Control Systems
MSR-5000 REVO-I Surgical Robot System
Autonomous Robotic Medical Systems
Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot
Safety Considerations
FDA Regulations
Manufacturer Responsibilities
Robotic Training and Certification for the Surgeon
Advancements and Future Directions for Robotic Surgery
Challenges and Limitations
The Future of Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery
The Role of Imaging in Surgery
Computer Modeling of Medical Devices and Treatments
Design, Verification, and Clinical Validation of Medical Devices
Clinical Trial Design and Virtual Patient Selection
References
Biographical Sketches
Index
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