CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide (Exam XK0-004)

✍ Scribed by Christine Bresnahan; Richard Blum

• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 931
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Introduction
Assessment Test
Part I Gathering Your Tools
Chapter 1 Preparing Your Environment
Setting Up a Learning Space
Using That Old Laptop
Creating a Virtualized Environment
Jumping to the Cloud
Exploring Linux Distributions
Looking at CentOS
Looking at Ubuntu
Looking at openSUSE
Looking at Fedora
Locating a Terminal
Summary
Chapter 2 Sifting Through Services
What Is a Linux Server?
Launching Services
Listening for Clients
Serving the Basics
Web Servers
Database Servers
Mail Servers
Serving Local Networks
File Servers
Print Servers
Network Resource Servers
Implementing Security
Authentication Server
Certificate Authority
Access Server (SSH)
Virtual Private Networks
Proxy Server
Monitoring
Improving Performance
Clustering
Load Balancing
Containers
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 3 Managing Files, Directories, and Text
Handling Files and Directories
Viewing and Creating Files
Copying and Moving Files
Removing Files
Linking Files and Directories
Establishing a Hard Link
Constructing a Soft Link
Reading Files
Reading Entire Text Files
Reading Text File Portions
Reading Text File Pages
Finding Information
Exploring File Differences
Using Simple Pinpoint Commands
Using Intricate Pinpoint Commands
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 4 Searching and Analyzing Text
Processing Text Files
Filtering Text
Formatting Text
Determining Word Count
Redirecting Input and Output
Handling Standard Output
Redirecting Standard Error
Regulating Standard Input
Piping Commands
Creating Here Documents
Creating Command Lines
Editing Text Files
Appreciating Text Editors
Learning About Stream Editors
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Part II Starting Up and Configuring Your System
Chapter 5 Explaining the Boot Process
The Linux Boot Process
Following the Boot Process
Viewing the Boot Process
The Firmware Startup
The BIOS Startup
The UEFI Startup
Linux Bootloaders
GRUB Legacy
GRUB2
Alternative Bootloaders
System Recovery
Kernel Failures
Root Drive Failure
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 6 Maintaining System Startup and Services
Looking at init
Managing systemd Systems
Exploring Unit Files
Focusing on Service Unit Files
Focusing on Target Unit Files
Looking at systemctl
Examining Special systemd Commands
Managing SysV init Systems
Understanding Runlevels
Investigating SysV init Commands
Digging Deeper into systemd
Looking at systemd Mount Units
Exploring Automount Units
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 7 Configuring Network Connections
Configuring Network Features
Network Configuration Files
Graphical Tools
Command-Line Tools
Basic Network Troubleshooting
Sending Test Packets
Finding Host Information
Advanced Network Troubleshooting
The netstat Command
Examining Sockets
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 8 Comparing GUIs
Focusing on the GUI
Getting to Know GNOME
Probing KDE Plasma
Considering Cinnamon
Making Acquaintance with MATE
Understanding Unity
Setting Up Accessibility
Serving Up the GUI
Figuring Out Wayland
Examining X11
Using Remote Desktops
Viewing VNC
Grasping Xrdp
Exploring NX
Studying SPICE
Forwarding
Local
Remote
Tunneling Your X11 Connection
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 9 Adjusting Localization Options
Understanding Localization
Character Sets
Environment Variables
Setting Your Locale
Installation Locale Decisions
Changing Your Locale
Looking at Time
Working with Time Zones
Setting the Time and Date
Watching System Time
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Part III Managing Your System
Chapter 10 Administering Users and Groups
Managing User Accounts
Adding Accounts
Maintaining Passwords
Modifying Accounts
Deleting Accounts
Managing Groups
Setting Up the Environment
Perusing Bash Parameters
Understanding User Entries
Grasping Global Entries
Querying Users
Exploring the whoami Utility
Understanding the who Utility
Identifying with the id Program
Displaying Access History with the last Utility
Managing Disk Space Usage
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 11 Handling Storage
Storage Basics
Drive Connections
Partitioning Drives
Automatic Drive Detection
Partitioning Tools
Working with fdisk
Working with gdisk
The GNU parted Command
Graphical Tools
Understanding Filesystems
The Virtual Directory
Maneuvering Around the Filesystem
Formatting Filesystems
Common Filesystem Types
Creating Filesystems
Mounting Filesystems
Manually Mounting Devices
Automatically Mounting Devices
Managing Filesystems
Retrieving Filesystem Stats
Filesystem Tools
Storage Alternatives
Multipath
Logical Volume Manager
Using RAID Technology
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 12 Protecting Files
Understanding Backup Types
Looking at Compression Methods
Comparing Archive and Restore Utilities
Copying with cpio
Archiving with tar
Duplicating with dd
Replicating with rsync
Securing Offsite/Off-System Backups
Copying Securely via scp
Transferring Securely via sftp
Checking Backup Integrity
Digesting an MD5 Algorithm
Securing Hash Algorithms
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 13 Governing Software
Working with Source Code
Downloading Source Code
Bundling Source Code Packages
Compiling Source Code
Packaging Applications
Installing and Managing Packages
Understanding Repositories
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 14 Tending Kernel Modules
Exploring Kernel Modules
Installing Kernel Modules
Removing Kernel Modules
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Part IV Securing Your System
Chapter 15 Applying Ownership and Permissions
Looking at File and Directory Permissions
Understanding Ownership
Controlling Access Permissions
Exploring Special Permissions
Managing Default Permissions
Access Control Lists
Context-Based Permissions
Using SELinux
Using AppArmor
Understanding Linux User Types
Types of User Accounts
Escalating Privileges
Restricting Users
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 16 Looking at Access and Authentication Methods
Getting to Know PAM
Exploring PAM Configuration Files
Enforcing Strong Passwords
Locking Out Accounts
Limiting Root Access
Exploring PKI Concepts
Getting Certificates
Discovering Key Concepts
Securing Data
Signing Transmissions
Using SSH
Exploring Basic SSH Concepts
Configuring SSH
Generating SSH Keys
Authenticating with SSH Keys
Authenticating with the Authentication Agent
Using SSH Securely
Using VPN as a Client
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 17 Implementing Logging Services
Understanding the Importance of Logging
The syslog Protocol
The History of Linux Logging
Basic Logging Using rsyslog
Configuration
Making Log Entries
Finding Event Messages
Journaling with systemd-journald
Configuration
Viewing Logs
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 18 Overseeing Linux Firewalls
Providing Access Control
Looking at Firewall Technologies
Familiarizing Yourself with firewalld
Investigating iptables
Understanding UFW
Forwarding IP Packets
Dynamically Setting Rules
DenyHosts
Fail2ban
IPset
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 19 Embracing Best Security Practices
User Security
Authentication Methods
Multifactor Authentication
Unique User Accounts
Restricting the root Account
System Security
Separation of Data
Disk Encryption
Restricting Applications
Preventing Unauthorized Rebooting
Restricting Unapproved Jobs
Banners and Messages
Restricting USB Devices
Looking for Trouble
Auditing
Network Security
Denying Hosts
Disabling Unused Services
Changing Default Ports
Using Encryption on the Network
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Part V Troubleshooting Your System
Chapter 20 Analyzing System Properties and Remediation
Troubleshooting the Network
Exploring Network Issues
Viewing Network Performance
Reviewing the Network’s Configuration
Troubleshooting Storage Issues
Running Out of Filesystem Space
Waiting on Disk I/O
Failing Disks
Troubleshooting the CPU
Troubleshooting Memory
Swapping
Running Out of Memory
Surviving a Lost root Password
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 21 Optimizing Performance
Looking at Processes
Monitoring Processes in Real Time
Managing Processes
Setting Priorities
Stopping Processes
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 22 Investigating User Issues
Troubleshooting Access
Local
Remote
Authentication
Examining File Obstacles
File Permissions
Directory Permissions
File Creation
Exploring Environment and Shell Issues
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 23 Dealing with Linux Devices
Communicating with Linux Devices
Device Interfaces
The /dev Directory
The /proc Directory
The /sys Directory
Working with Devices
Finding Devices
Working with PCI Cards
Working with USB Devices
Supporting Monitors
Using Printers
Using Hot Pluggable Devices
Detecting Dynamic Devices
Working with Dynamic Devices
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 24 Troubleshooting Application and Hardware Issues
Dealing with Storage Problems
Exploring Common Issues
Dealing with Specialized Issues
Uncovering Application Permission Issues
Analyzing Application Dependencies
Versioning
Updating Issues
Patching
Dealing with Libraries
Exploring Environment Variable Issues
Gaining GCC Compatibility
Perusing Repository Problems
Looking at SELinux Context Violations
Exploring Firewall Blockages
Unrestricting ACLs
Unblocking Ports
Unblocking Protocols
Troubleshooting Additional Hardware Issues
Looking at Helpful Hardware Commands
Investigating Other Hardware Problems
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Part VI Automating Your System
Chapter 25 Deploying Bash Scripts
The Basics of Shell Scripting
Running Multiple Commands
Redirecting Output
Piping Data
The Shell Script Format
Running the Shell Script
Advanced Shell Scripting
Displaying Messages
Using Variables
Command-Line Arguments
The Exit Status
Writing Script Programs
Command Substitution
Performing Math
Logic Statements
Loops
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 26 Automating Jobs
Running Scripts in Background Mode
Running in the Background
Running Multiple Background Jobs
Running Scripts Without a Console
Sending Signals
Interrupting a Process
Pausing a Process
Job Control
Viewing Jobs
Restarting Stopped Jobs
Running Like Clockwork
Scheduling a Job Using the at Command
Scheduling Regular Scripts
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 27 Controlling Versions with Git
Understanding Version Control
Setting Up Your Git Environment
Committing with Git
Merging Versions
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Part VII Realizing Virtual and Cloud Environments
Chapter 28 Understanding Cloud and Virtualization Concepts
Considering Cloud Services
What Is Cloud Computing?
What Are the Cloud Services?
Understanding Virtualization
Hypervisors
Types of Hypervisors
Hypervisor Templates
Exploring Containers
What Are Containers?
Container Software
Container Templates
Exercise
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 29 Inspecting Cloud and Virtualization Services
Focusing on VM Tools
Looking at libvirt
Viewing virsh
Managing with Virtual Machine Manager
Understanding Bootstrapping
Booting with Shell Scripts
Kick-Starting with Anaconda
Initializing with Cloud-init
Exploring Storage Issues
Considering Network Configurations
Virtualizing the Network
Configuring Virtualized NICs
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Chapter 30 Orchestrating the Environment
Understanding Orchestration Concepts
Probing Procedures
Analyzing Attributes
Provisioning the Data Center
Coding the Infrastructure
Automating the Infrastructure
Comparing Agent and Agentless
Investigating the Inventory
Looking at Container Orchestration Engines
Embracing Kubernetes
Inspecting Docker Swarm
Surveying Mesos
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions
Appendix Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 2: Sifting Through Services
Chapter 3: Managing Files, Directories, and Text
Chapter 4: Searching and Analyzing Text
Chapter 5: Explaining the Boot Process
Chapter 6: Maintaining System Startup and Services
Chapter 7: Configuring Network Connections
Chapter 8: Comparing GUIs
Chapter 9: Adjusting Localization Options
Chapter 10: Administering Users and Groups
Chapter 11: Handling Storage
Chapter 12: Protecting Files
Chapter 13: Governing Software
Chapter 14: Tending Kernel Modules
Chapter 15: Applying Ownership and Permissions
Chapter 16: Looking at Access and Authentication Methods
Chapter 17: Implementing Logging Services
Chapter 18: Overseeing Linux Firewalls
Chapter 19: Embracing Best Security Practices
Chapter 20: Analyzing System Properties and Remediation
Chapter 21: Optimizing Performance
Chapter 22: Investigating User Issues
Chapter 23: Dealing with Linux Devices
Chapter 24: Troubleshooting Application and Hardware Issues
Chapter 25: Deploying Bash Scripts
Chapter 26: Automating Jobs
Chapter 27: Controlling Versions with Git
Chapter 28: Understanding Cloud and Virtualization Concepts
Chapter 29: Inspecting Cloud and Virtualization Services
Chapter 30: Orchestrating the Environment
Index
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