๐”– Scriptorium
โœฆ   LIBER   โœฆ

๐Ÿ“

Compound semiconductor bulk materials and characterizations

โœ Scribed by O Oda


Publisher
World Scientific
Year
2007
Tongue
English
Leaves
556
Category
Library

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โœฆ Table of Contents


CONTENTS......Page 12
PREFACE......Page 6
PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS......Page 18
1.2 COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS......Page 20
1.3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE......Page 22
1.4 BAND STRUCTURES. BAND GAPS AND LATTICE CONSTANTS......Page 24
1.5 OPTICAL PROPERTIES......Page 28
1.6.1 Carrier Concentration......Page 30
1.6.2 Mobility......Page 34
1.7.1 General Properties......Page 39
1.7.2 Stacking Fault Energy......Page 40
1.7.3 Critical Resolved Shear Stress......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
2.2.1 Horizontal Boat Growth Methods......Page 46
2.2.2 Vertical Boat Growth Methods......Page 49
2.2.3 Pulling Methods......Page 51
2.2.5 Other Methods......Page 53
2.3.1 Simple Solution Growth Method......Page 54
2.3.2 Traveling Heater Method (THM)......Page 55
2.3.3 Solute Solution Diffusion (SSD) Method......Page 56
2.3.5 Temperature Difference Method under Controlled Vapor Pressure (TDM- CVP)......Page 57
2.3.6 Hydrothermal Synthesis Method......Page 58
2.4 VAPOR PHASE GROWTH METHOD......Page 59
2.4.2 Physical Vapor Transport (PVT) Method......Page 60
2.4.3 Chemical Vapor Transport (CVT) Method......Page 61
2.5.2 Vapor Pressure Control......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 65
3.2 PHASE DIAGRAM......Page 70
3.3.2 Melt Convection......Page 72
3.3.3 Instability of Melt Convection......Page 76
3.3.4 Fluid Flow and CrystaUMelt Interface Shape......Page 77
3.4 MAGNETIC FIELD APPLICATION......Page 78
3.5 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND THERMAL STRESS......Page 81
3.6.1 Segregation......Page 85
3.6.2 Constitutional Supercooling......Page 88
3.7 DIAMETER CONTROL SYSTEM......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 92
4.2.1 Various Point Defects......Page 96
4.2.2 Thermodynamics of Point Defects......Page 98
4.2.3 Diffusion Constants......Page 101
4.2.5 Self Compensation......Page 103
4.3.2 Thermal Stress and Dislocations......Page 106
4.3.4 Impurity Hardening......Page 108
4.4 STACKING FAULT DEFECTS AND TWINS......Page 110
4.6 PRECIPITATES, INCLUSIONS AND VOIDS......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
5.2.2 Multiple Crystal X-ray Diffraction......Page 118
5.2.3 X-ray Diffraction Topography......Page 121
5.3.2 Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC)......Page 123
5.4.1 Photoluminescence (PL)......Page 124
5.4.2 Scanning photoluminescence (SPL)......Page 127
5.4.4 IR Transmission Micrography......Page 128
5.4.5 IR Scattering Tomography......Page 129
5.5.1 Hall Measurement......Page 130
5.5.3 Transient Spectroscopies......Page 133
5.6.4 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
6.2.1 Laser diodes......Page 142
6.2.2 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)......Page 146
6.2.3 Photodetectors......Page 153
6.3 ELECTRONIC DEVICES......Page 158
6.3.1 Metal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET)......Page 159
6.3.2 IGFET (Insulating Gate FET)/MISFET(Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor FET )/MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor PET)......Page 161
6.3.4 High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT)......Page 162
6.3.5 Hetero Bipolar Transistor (HBT)......Page 163
6.3.7 Integrated Circuits (ICs)......Page 164
6.4 SOLAR CELLS......Page 166
6.5.1 Radiation Detectors......Page 170
6.5.2 Magnetic sensors......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
PART 2 111-V Materials......Page 180
7.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 182
7.3.1 Polycrystal Synthesis......Page 184
7.3.2 Single Crystal Growth......Page 185
7.3.3 Reduction of Dislocation Densities......Page 189
7.4.2 Defects......Page 190
7.4.3 Electrical Properties......Page 192
7.4.4 Optical Properties......Page 194
7.5 APPLICATIONS......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 199
8.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 202
8.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 204
8.3.1 Horizontal Boat Growth Methods......Page 205
8.3.2 Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) Method......Page 207
8.3.3 Vertical Boat Growth Methods......Page 223
8.3.4 Other Methods......Page 228
8.4.1 Ingot Annealing......Page 229
8.4.2 Wafer Annealing......Page 230
8.5.1 Carbon......Page 233
8.5.3 Oxygen......Page 236
8.5.4 Others Impurities......Page 237
8.6.1 Dislocations......Page 238
8.6.4 Striations......Page 239
8.6.5 Precipitates......Page 240
8.6.7 Native Defects and Deep Levels......Page 241
8.7.2 Semi-Insulating (SI) GaAs......Page 246
8.8.1 Photoluminescence (PL)......Page 252
8.8.3 Others......Page 255
8.9.3 Threshold Voltage (Vth) and its Variation......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 259
9.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 282
9.3.1 Solution Growth......Page 283
9.3.2 Melt Growth......Page 284
9.3.4 Doping......Page 291
9.4.2 Defects......Page 292
9.4.4 Optical Properties......Page 294
9.5.1 Photonic Devices......Page 295
9.5.4 Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) Generators......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 302
10.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 303
10.3. CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 304
10.3.1 Polycrystal Synthesis......Page 305
10.3.2 Single Crystal Growth......Page 309
10.3.3 Prevention of Twinning......Page 316
10.3.4 Reduction of Dislocation Densities......Page 317
10.3.5 Crystal Growth with Various Dopants......Page 321
10.4.2 Defects......Page 322
10.4.3 Electrical Properties......Page 324
10.4.4 Optical Properties......Page 329
10.5.1 Substrates for Epitaxy......Page 332
10.5.3 High Frequency Devices......Page 333
REFERENCES......Page 334
11.3.1 Melt Growth......Page 348
11.4.1 Purity......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 352
12.3.1 Synthesis and Purification......Page 354
12.3.2 Crystal growth......Page 355
12.4.1 Defects......Page 361
12.4.2 Electrical Properties......Page 363
12.5.1 Optical Devices......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
PART 3 11- V I MATE RIALS......Page 370
13.3.1 Melt Growth......Page 372
13.3.2 Solution Growth......Page 373
13.3.3 Vapor Phase Growth......Page 375
13.4.2 Eilectrisal Electrical Properties......Page 382
13.4.3 Optical Properties......Page 384
REFERENCES......Page 385
14.3.2 Solution Growth......Page 388
14.4 CHARACTERIZATION......Page 390
REFERENCES......Page 391
15.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 394
15.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 395
15.3.1 Melt Growth......Page 397
15.3.2 Solution Growth......Page 411
15.3.3 Vapor Phase Growth......Page 416
15.4.1 Purity......Page 426
15.4.2 Defects......Page 427
15.4.3 Electrical Properties......Page 435
15.4.4 Optical Properties......Page 439
15.5.2 Radiation Detectors......Page 442
15.5.3 Ssllaar Cells......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 445
16.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 458
16.3.2 Solution Growth......Page 459
16.3.3 Vapor Phase Growth......Page 466
16.4.2 Electrical Properties......Page 475
16.4.3 Optical Properties......Page 476
16.5.1 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)......Page 477
REFERENCES......Page 478
17.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 482
17.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 483
17.3.1 Melt Growth......Page 484
17.3.2 Solution Growth......Page 491
17.3.3 Vapor Phase Growth......Page 496
17.4.1 Defects......Page 509
17.4.2 Electrical Properties......Page 512
17.4.3 Optical Properties......Page 515
17.5.2 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)......Page 516
REFERENCES......Page 517
18.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH......Page 524
18.3.1 Melt Growth......Page 525
18.3.2 Solution Growth......Page 529
18.3.3 Vapor Phase Growth......Page 535
18.4.2 Defects......Page 538
18.4.3 Electrical Properties......Page 540
18.4.4 Optical Properties......Page 543
18.5.1 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Laser Diodes (LDs)......Page 544
REFERENCES......Page 546
INDEX......Page 550


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