Composite Materials: Properties, Characterisation, and Applications

✍ Scribed by Amit Sachdeva; Pramod Singh; Hee Woo Rhee

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 279
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

"This book provides an in-depth description of the synthesis, properties, and various characterisation techniques used for the study of composite materials. It also covers applications and simulation tests of these advanced materials. Aimed at industry professionals and researchers, this book offers readers thorough knowledge of the fundamentals as well as advanced level techniques involved in composite material characterization, development, and applications"--

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Composite Materials: Nanocomposites and their Potential Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Nanocomposites in the Biomedical Domain
1.3 Applications of Nanocomposites in the Environmental Domain
1.4 Applications of Nanocomposites in the Agricultural Domain
1.5 Perspectives and Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2: Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Categories of Natural Fiber Reinforcements
2.2.1 Bast Fiber
2.2.1.1 Flax
2.2.1.2 Hemp
2.2.1.3 Jute
2.2.1.4 Kenaf
2.2.2 Leaf Fiber
2.2.2.1 Pineapple
2.2.2.2 Abaca
2.2.2.3 Sisal
2.2.3 Fruit Fiber
2.2.3.1 Coir
2.2.4 Straw Fiber
2.2.4.1 Corn
2.2.4.2 Wheat
2.2.5 Seed Fiber
2.2.5.1 Cotton
2.2.5.2 Kapok
2.2.6 Cane, Grass, and Reed Fiber
2.2.6.1 Bamboo
2.2.6.2 Sugarcane Bagasse
2.3 Categories of Biopolymers
2.3.1 Biopolymers Extracted from Biomass
2.2.3.1 Polysaccharides
2.2.3.2 Proteins
2.2.3.3 Lipids
2.3.2 Biopolymers Synthesized from Bio-Derived Monomers
2.3.2.1 Polylactide
2.3.2.2 Succinic Polymers
2.3.2.3 Bio-polyethylene
2.3.2.4 Bio-based Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)
2.3.2.5 Bio-based Polyamides
2.3.3 Biopolymers Produced from Microorganisms
2.3.3.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
2.3.3.2 Poly-glutamic Acid
2.4 Types of Nano Filler Reinforcements from Natural Fiber
2.4.1 Cellulose Nanocrystal
2.4.2 Cellulose Nanofiber
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Properties of Composite Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Properties of Polymer-Matrix Composites
3.2.1 Electrical Properties of Polymer Composites
3.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites
3.3 Properties of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
3.3.1 Electrical Properties of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
3.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
3.4 Properties of Metal-Matrix Composites
3.5 Properties of Composite Materials used in Energy Storage/Conversion Devices
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Synthesis of a Hybrid Self-Cleaning Coating System for Glass
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Experimental Procedure
4.2.1 Raw Materials
4.2.2 Synthesis of Self-Cleaning Coating
4.2.3 Characterization and Testing(s)
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Water Contact Angle of Coating
4.3.2 Surface Morphology
4.3.3 Anti-Fog Properties
4.3.4 Self-Cleaning Analysis
4.3.5 Adhesion Properties
4.3.6 Self-Cleaning Outdoors
4.4 Conclusion(s)
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Experimental and Characterization Techniques
5.1 Samples Studied
5.2 Materials Used
5.3 Sample Preparation
5.3.1 Thin Film Deposition Techniques
5.3.1.1 Spin coating
5.3.1.2 Doctor’s blade
5.3.2 Synthesis of Photoactive Layers Based on Perovskite Materials
5.3.2.1 Solution-Processed Two-Step Method
5.3.2.2 Solution-Processed One-Step Method
5.3.3 Synthesis of Dye and Perovskite-Based Sensitizers and Electrolytes
5.3.3.1 Extraction of Pigments from Natural Dyes and Preparation of Dye-Sensitizer Solutions
5.3.3.2 Synthesis of Perovskite-Based Sensitizers
5.4 Preparation of Electrolyte Solution
5.5 Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
5.6 Characterizations
5.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction
5.6.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction Data Analysis
5.6.2 Raman Spectroscopy
5.6.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
5.6.4 Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
5.6.4.1 Working of an SEM Instrument
5.6.4.2 Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
5.6.4.3 Benefits of EDX Analysis
5.6.5 Transmission Electron Microscope
5.6.6 J-V Characteristics
5.6.6.1 Short Circuit Current (I sc)
5.6.6.2 Open Circuit Voltage (V oc)
5.6.6.3 Maximum Power of Solar Cell (P max)
5.6.6.4 Fill Factor (FF)
5.6.6.5 Efficiency (η)
Reference
Chapter 6: Electrical characterization of electro-Ceramics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ferroelectricity
6.3 Crystal Symmetry of Ferroelectric Materials
6.4 Piezoelectricity
6.4.1 Techniques of Piezoelectricity
6.4.2 Piezoelectric Parameters and Their Relations
6.5 Pyroelectricity
6.6 Experimental Techniques for Characterization of Materials
6.6.1 Structural Characterization
6.6.1.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
6.6.1.2 Utility of the XRD Pattern
6.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
6.6.2.1 Electron Microscope
6.6.2.2 Working Principle of SEM
6.6.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
6.6.4 Density Measurement
6.7 Electrical Characterization
6.7.1 Dielectric Studies
6.7.2 Complex Permittivity
6.7.2.1 Phasor diagram
6.7.2.2 Frequency Dependence of Permittivity
6.7.2.3 Temperature Dependence of Permittivity
6.7.2.4 Measurement of Dielectric Parameters
6.7.3 Electrical Conduction
6.7.3.1 Mechanism of Electrical Conduction in Dielectrics
6.7.4 Ionic Conductivity
6.7.5 Electrical Conductivity
6.7.5.1 Conductivity Measurement
6.7.6 Impedance Studies
6.7.6.1 Impedance Measurement
6.8 Ferroelectric Studies
6.8.1 Sawyer–Tower Circuit
6.8.1.1 P-E Hysteresis Measurement
6.8.1.2 Poling
d 33 Measurement
6.8.1.5 Relaxor Ferroelectrics
6.8.1.6 Multiferroic ferroelectric
6.9 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Thermal Characterization of Composites
7.1 What Is Thermal Analysis and Why Is it Essential?
7.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
7.2.1 Heat Flux DSC
7.2.2 Power Compensation DSC
7.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis
7.4 Di-electric Analysis
7.5 Thermo-mechanical Analysis
7.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
References
Chapter 8: Mechanical Characterization Techniques for Composite Materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanical Characterization Techniques
8.2.1 Tensile Testing
8.2.2 Flexural Testing
8.2.3 Impact Testing
8.2.4 Hardness Test
8.2.5 Industrial Application of Mechanical Characterization Techniques
8.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Humidity Sensor Based on Alum–Fly Ash Composite
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experimental
9.2.1 Complex Impedance Spectroscopy
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Electrical
9.3.1.1 Complex Impedance Spectroscopy
9.3.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Conductivity
9.3.2 Structural
9.3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
9.3.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
9.3.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction
9.3.3 Humidity Sensor
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10: Applications of Graphene-based Composite Materials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Photonic Applications of Graphene-based Composites
10.2.1 Graphene-Polymer Composites
10.2.1.1 Graphene-Polymer Composites for Photosensor Applications
10.2.1.2 Graphene-Polymer Composites for Solar Cell Applications
10.2.1.3 Graphene-Polymer Composites for Lighting Applications
10.2.1.4 Graphene-Polymer Composites for Biological Applications
10.2.2 Graphene–Quantum Dot Composites
10.2.2.1 Graphene–Quantum Dot Composites for Photosensor Applications
10.2.2.2 Graphene–Quantum Dot Composites for Solar Cell Applications
10.2.2.3 Graphene–Quantum Dot Composites for Lighting Applications
10.2.2.4 Graphene–Quantum Dot Composites for Biological Applications
10.2.3 Graphene Metal Oxide Composites
10.2.3.1 Graphene–Metal Oxide Composites for Photosensor Applications
10.2.3.2 Graphene–Metal Oxide Composites for Solar Cell Applications
10.2.3.3 Graphene–Metal Oxide Composites for Lighting Applications
10.2.3.4 Graphene–Metal Oxide Composites for Biological Applications
10.3 Future Photonics-Related Applications of Graphene-based Composites
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Low Power Ge-Si0.7 Ge0.3 nJLTFET and pJLTFET Design and Characterization in Sub-20 nm Technology Node
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Device Structures and Dimensions
11.3 Subthreshold Performance Parameters
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Temperature Analysis
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Influence of Moisture Uptake on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Moisture Uptake Behavior of Natural Fibers
12.3 Models Used to Study the Moisture Uptake Behavior of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
12.4 Effect of Moisture Uptake on Mechanical Properties
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Exploring the Potential of Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Current Research and Future Prospects
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Multifaceted Role of Nanotools and their Potential Applications
13.2.1 Nanoparticles
13.2.1.1 Silicon Nanoparticles
13.2.1.2 Carbon Nanoparticles
13.2.1.3 Copper Nanoparticles
13.2.1.4 Silver Nanoparticles
13.2.1.5 Titanium Nanoparticles
13.2.2 Quantum Dots
13.2.3 Nanorods
13.2.4 Nanocapsules
13.3 Nanomaterials and Nanosystems in Sustainable Agriculture
13.3.1 Nano Pesticides
13.3.2 Nanofertilizers
13.3.3 Nano Biosensors
13.3.3.1 Nano Barcodes
13.4 New Vistas of Nanotechnology
13.4.1 Cellulose Nanofibers
13.4.2 Nanofabricated Xylem Vessels
13.4.3 Nano-photocatalysts
13.5 Current Scenario of Nanotechnology in India
13.6 Future Prospects of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Nanostructuring of Materials by Severe Deformation Processes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 What are Nanostructured Materials?
14.3 Methods of Severe Plastic Deformation
14.3.1 Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques
14.3.1.1 Equal Channel Angular Pressing
14.3.1.2 High-Pressure Torsion
14.3.2 Accumulative Roll Bonding
14.3.2.1 Multi-Axial Forging
14.4 Formation of Other Nanostructures by SPD
14.5 Properties of Nanostructured SPD Materials
14.5.1 Strength and Ductility
14.5.2 Corrosion
14.6 Applications
14.7 Summary
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
Q
R
S
T
V
X
Z