Content: Preface Acknowledgments Author Section I: Principles of Construction Composite Materials: Interest and Physical Properties What Is a Composite Material? Broad Definition Main Features Fibers and Matrices Fibers Materials for Matrices What Can Be Made Using Composite Materials? A Typical Example of Interest Some Examples of Classical Design Replaced by Composite Solutions Main Physical Properties Manufacturing Processes Molding Processes Contact Molding Compression Molding Vacuum Molding Resin Injection Molding Injection Molding with Prepreg Foam Injection Molding Molding of Hollow Axisymmetric Components Other Forming Processes Sheet Forming Profile Forming Forming by Stamping Preforming by Three-Dimensional Assembly Automated Tape Laying and Fiber Placement Practical Considerations on Manufacturing Processes Acronyms Cost Comparison Ply Properties Isotropy and Anisotropy Isotropic Materials Anisotropic Material Characteristics of the Reinforcement/Matrix Mixture Fiber Mass Fraction Fiber Volume Fraction Mass Density of a Ply Ply Thickness Unidirectional Ply Elastic Modulus Ultimate Strength of a Ply Examples Examples of High-Performance Unidirectional Plies Woven Ply Forms of Woven Fabrics Elastic Modulus of Fabric Layer Examples of Balanced Fabric/Epoxy Mats and Reinforced Matrices Mats Example: A Summary of Glass/Epoxy Layers Microspherical Fillers Other Classical Reinforcements Multidimensional Fabrics Example: A 4D Architecture of Carbon Reinforcement Example: Three-Dimensional Carbon/Carbon Components Metal Matrix Composites Some Examples Unidirectional Fibers/Aluminum Matrix Biocomposite Materials Natural Plant Fibers Natural Vegetable Fiber-Reinforced Composites Manufacturing Processes Nanocomposite Materials Nanoreinforcement Nanocomposite Material Mechanical Applications Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials Tests Sandwich Structures What Is a Sandwich Structure? Their Properties Are Surprising Constituent Materials Simplified Flexure Stress Displacements Some Special Features of Sandwich Structures Comparison of Mass for the Same Flexural Rigidity EI Deterioration by Buckling of Sandwich Structures Other Types of Damage Manufacturing and Design Problems Example of Core Material: Honeycomb Shaping Processes Inserts and Attachment Fittings Repair of Laminated Facings Nondestructive Inspection Main Nondestructive Inspection Methods Acoustic Emission Testing Conception: Design and Drawing Drawing a Composite Part Specific Properties Guide Values of Presizing Laminate Unidirectional Layers and Fabrics Correct Ply Orientation Laminate Drawing Code Arrangement of Plies Failure of Laminates Damages Most Frequently Used Criterion: Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion Presizing of the Laminate Modulus of Elasticity-Deformation of a Laminate Case of Simple Loading Complex Loading Case: Approximative Proportions according to Orientations Complex Loading Case: Optimum Composition of a Laminate Notes for Practical Use Concerning Laminates Conception: Fastening and Joining Riveting and Bolting Local Loss of Strength Main Failure Modes in Bolted Joints of Composite Materials Sizing of the Joint Riveting Bolting Bonding Adhesives Used Geometry of the Bonded Joints Sizing of the Bonding Surface Area Case of Bonded Joint with Cylindrical Geometry Examples of Bonding Inserts Case of Sandwich Parts Case of Parts under Uniaxial Loads Composite Materials and Aerospace Construction Aircraft Composite Components in Aircraft Allocation of Composites Depending on Their Nature Few Comments Specific Aspects of Structural Strength Large Transport Aircraft Regional Aircraft and Business Jets Light Aircraft Fighter Aircraft Architecture and Manufacture of Composite Aircraft Parts Braking Systems Helicopters Situation Composite Areas Blades Rotor Hub Other Working Composite Parts Airplane Propellers Propellers for Conventional Aerodynamics High-Speed Propellers Aircraft Reaction Engine Employed Materials Refractory Composites Space Applications Satellites Propellant Tanks and Pressure Vessels Nozzles Other Composite Components for Space Application Composite Materials for Various Applications Comparative Importance of Composites in Applications Relative Importance in terms of Mass and Market Value Mass of Composites Implemented according to the Geographical Area Average Prices Composite Materials and Automotive Industry Introduction Composite Parts Research and Development Motor Racing Wind Turbines Components Manufacturing Processes Composites and Shipbuilding Competition Vessels Sports and Leisure Skis Bicycles Tennis Rackets Diverse Applications Pressure Gas Bottle Bogie Frame Tubes for Offshore Installations Biomechanical Applications Cable Car Section II: Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Materials Anisotropic Elastic Medium Some Reminders Continuum Mechanics Number of Distinct phiijkl Terms Orthotropic Material Transversely Isotropic Material Elastic Constants of Unidirectional Composites Longitudinal Modulus El Poisson Coefficient Transverse Modulus Et Shear Modulus Glt Thermoelastic Properties Isotropic Material: Recall Case of Unidirectional Composite Thermomechanical Behavior of a Unidirectional Layer Elastic Constants of a Ply in Any Direction Flexibility Coefficients Stiffness Coefficients Case of Thermomechanical Loading Flexibility Coefficients Stiffness Coefficients Mechanical Behavior of Thin Laminated Plates Laminate with Midplane Symmetry Membrane Behavior Apparent Elastic Moduli of the Laminate Consequence: Practical Determination of a Laminate Subject to Membrane Loading Flexure Behavior Consequence: Practical Determination of a Laminate Subject to Flexure Simplified Calculation for Bending Thermomechanical Loading Case Laminate without Midplane Symmetry Coupled Membrane-Flexure Behavior Case of Thermomechanical Loading Section III: Justifications, Composite Beams, and Thick Laminated Plates Elastic Coefficients Elastic Coefficients for an Orthotropic Material Reminders Elastic Behavior Equation in Orthotropic Axes Elastic Coefficients for a Transverse Isotropic Material Elastic Behavior Equation Rotation about an Orthotropic Transverse Axis Case of a Ply Damage in Composite Parts
Failure Criteria Damage in Composite Parts Industrial Emphasis of the Problem Influence of Manufacturing Process Typical Area and Singularities in a Same Part Degradation Process within the Typical Area Form of a Failure Criterion Features of a Failure Criterion General Form of a Failure Criterion Linear Failure Criterion Quadratic Failure Criterion Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion Isotropic Material: The von Mises Criterion Orthotropic Material: Tsai-Hill Criterion Evolution of Strength Properties of a Unidirectional Ply Depending on the Direction of Solicitation Bending of Composite Beams of Any Section Shape Bending of Beams with Isotropic Phases and Plane of Symmetry Degrees of Freedom Perfect Bonding between the Phases Equilibrium Relationships Constitutive Equations Technical Formulation Energy Interpretation Extension to the Dynamic Case Case of Beams of Any Cross Section (Asymmetric) Technical Formulation Notes Torsion of Composite Beams of Any Section Shape Uniform Torsion Torsional Degree of Freedom Constitutive Equation Determination of PHI(y, z) Energy Interpretation Location of the Torsion Center Coordinates in Principal Axes Summary of Results Flexion-Torsion Coupling Bending of Thick Composite Plates Preliminary Remarks Transverse Normal Stress sigmaz Transverse Shear Stress tauxz and tauyz Assumptions Displacement Field Strains Constitutive Equations Membrane Behavior Bending Behavior Transverse Shear Behavior Equilibrium Relationships Transverse Equilibrium Equilibrium in Bending Technical Formulation for Bending Stress due to Bending Characterization of Warping Increments in Bending etax and etay Particular Cases Warping Functions Consequences Energy Interpretation Examples Orthotropic Homogeneous Plate Sandwich Plate Conclusion Section IV: Applications Applications Level 1 Simply Supported Sandwich Beam Poisson Coefficient of a Unidirectional Layer Helicopter Blade Drive Shaft for Trucks Flywheel in Carbon/Epoxy Wing Tip Made of Carbon/Epoxy Carbon Fiber Coated with Nickel Tube Made of Glass/Epoxy under Pressure Filament-Wound Pressure Vessel: Winding Angle Filament-Wound Pressure Vessel: Consideration of Openings in the Bottom Heads Determination of Fiber Volume Fraction by Pyrolysis Reversing Lever Made of Carbon/PEEK (Unidirectional and Short Fibers) Glass/Resin Telegraph Pole Unidirectional Layer of HR Carbon Manipulator Arm for a Space Shuttle Applications Level 2 Sandwich Beam: Simplified Calculation of the Shear Coefficient Procedure for a Laminate Calculation Program Kevlar/Epoxy Laminates: Stiffness in Terms of the Direction of Load Residual Thermal Stress due to the Laminate Curing Process Thermoelastic Behavior of a Glass/Polyester Tube Creep of a Polymeric Tube Reinforced by Filament Wound under Thermal Stress First-Ply Failure of a Laminate: Ultimate Strength Optimum Laminate for Isotropic Plane Stress Laminate Made of Identical Layers of Balanced Fabric Carbon/Epoxy Wing Spar Elastic Constants of a Carbon/Epoxy Unidirectional Layer, Based on Tensile Test Sailboat Hull in Glass/Polyester Balanced Fabric Ply: Determination of the In-Plane Shear Modulus Quasi-Isotropic Laminate Pure Torsion of Orthotropic Plate Plate Made by Resin Transfer Molding Thermoelastic Behavior of a Balanced Fabric Ply Applications Level 3 Cylindrical Bonding Double-Lap Bonded Joint Composite Beam with Two Layers Buckling of a Sandwich Beam Shear due to Bending in a Sandwich Beam Shear due to Bending in a Composite Box Beam Torsion Center of a Composite U-Beam Shear due to Bending in a Composite I-Beam Polymeric Column Reinforced by Filament-Wound Fiberglass Cylindrical Bending of a Thick Orthotropic Plate under Uniform Loading Bending of a Sandwich Plate Bending Vibration of a Sandwich Beam Appendix A: Stresses in the Plies of a Carbon/Epoxy Laminate Loaded in Its Plane Appendix B: Buckling of Orthotropic Structures Bibliography Index