Community Impact Evaluation: Principles And Practice

✍ Scribed by Nathaniel Lichfield

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 1996
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 342
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This is a work summarizing in one volume the pioneering approach of the author to public-interest decision-taking in the field of urban & regional planning. This book is aimed at students, researchers and professionals in planning. Nathaniel Lichfield first introduced in his ''Economics of Planned Development'' the concept that, in any use and development of land, the traditional ''development balance sheet'' of the developers needed to be accompanied by a ''planning balance sheet'' prepared by the planning officer or planning authority. Over the forty years since this work was published, the author has brought to the operational level the ''planning balance sheet'', with many case studies, primarily for consultancy purposes. The present title reflects the incorporation during the 1970s of the then emerging field of environmental impact assessment.

✦ Table of Contents

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Dedication......Page 16
Summaries......Page 17
Abbreviations and acronyms......Page 20
1.1 A concept of the urban and regional system1......Page 23
1.2 Modelling the system......Page 25
1.3 A model of the urban and regional system2......Page 26
1.4 The adaptation of space through development process without government intervention3......Page 28
1.5.1 Why intervene?......Page 30
1.5.2 Origins of societal planning......Page 31
1.5.3 How intervene?......Page 32
1.6.2 The land-use/development planning process......Page 33
1.6.3 Plan making......Page 34
1.6.4 Plan implementation4......Page 36
1.6.5 Monitoring and review (ex post evaluation)......Page 37
1.7.3 Relationship of urban management and planning......Page 38
1.8.2 Macro and micro development planning......Page 39
1.8.3 Evolution of local development planning in Britain6......Page 40
2.2 Choice and decision......Page 46
2.5 Hard and soft choices/decisions......Page 47
2.6.1 The field......Page 48
2.6.3 Decision analysis......Page 49
2.7 Context for decisions in practice......Page 50
3.1 The role of tests in planning......Page 51
3.4 The changing basis for choice between methods......Page 54
3.6 The review......Page 55
A. Output (value, benefit) in the main......Page 57
C. Both output (value, benefit) and input (cost).......Page 58
D. Both output and input in greater width......Page 60
Postscript......Page 61
4.1 Value for money as a common objective in economic life......Page 62
4.2 The cost-benefit family of methods......Page 63
4.3 Some differences in objectives within the cost-benefit family......Page 64
4.4 Specialization in the different methods......Page 65
4.5 The limitations of CBA in urban and regional planning......Page 67
4.6.2 Theory......Page 69
4.6.4 The decline in the 1970s and 1980s......Page 71
4.7 Role of PBSA/CIA as planning analysis......Page 72
5.2.1 Effects and impacts......Page 74
5.2.3 The environment in impact assessment......Page 75
Economic assessment......Page 76
The environmental dimension......Page 77
The social dimension......Page 78
The urban dimension......Page 79
Transportation......Page 80
5.4.1 The impact assessment process overall......Page 81
A standard method1......Page 82
Social impacts......Page 88
5.5.1 Evolution from project impact assessment......Page 89
5.5.2 Methodology of SEA......Page 90
6.1 Origins and applications......Page 94
6.2 Procedures in cost-benefit analysis......Page 95
Box 2: The decision-takers......Page 97
Box 6: Constraints on the decision-takers or stakeholders......Page 98
Box 7: The criteria for efficiency and equity......Page 99
Box 9: Identify the costs and benefits from the impacts......Page 103
Box 10: Measurement and valuation of costs and benefits......Page 106
Box 11: Taking account of time......Page 109
Box 12: Evaluation......Page 112
7.1 What is a project?......Page 113
7.3 The nature of project planning......Page 114
Site study......Page 115
Evaluation......Page 116
7.5 The generic method of project evaluation by CIA......Page 117
Steps A—E: Project description......Page 119
Box F–J Analysis, evaluation and decision......Page 127
8.2 The approach......Page 145
8.3 Display or index......Page 146
8.4 Drawing a conclusion from a CIE display......Page 148
8.4.2 Some guidelines for better comprehension......Page 151
East Midlands (1980)......Page 152
Naples (1988)......Page 153
8.4.4 Summary......Page 154
9.1 The occasions for the simplified method......Page 155
Steps F–G: analysis......Page 156
9.3 Effect and impact assessment combined......Page 157
9.4.2 Development control: choice between options......Page 159
9.5 A conclusion: rigorous but flexible......Page 160
10.2.1 Theory and principles derived from impact assessment (IA) in general......Page 161
Identification of relevant community and community sectors......Page 162
10.3.2 The “valuation” of the impacts (Box 11.5)......Page 164
10.3.4 The role of objectives in CIE......Page 165
10.3.5 Difference between sectoral and planning objectives......Page 167
10.4 Social accounting in impact evaluation......Page 169
10.4.3 Economic or socio-economic income......Page 170
10.4.4 Nesting of the CBA family within CIA......Page 171
Efficiency......Page 172
Equity of distribution......Page 174
10.6.1 Presentation and discussion of the Report......Page 177
10.7 Fact and value (Myrdal 1969)......Page 178
10.8.1 Introducing value......Page 179
10.8.2 Values influencing choice......Page 180
10.8.3 Comparing the value content of evaluation methods......Page 182
10.9.1 Context......Page 183
10.9.2 Measurement of effects......Page 184
10.9.3 Values......Page 185
10.9.5 Value judgements......Page 186
10.9.6 Valuation......Page 187
10.10 CIE and utilitarianism3......Page 190
11.1 Is the planning process democratic?......Page 193
11.2 Advancing the democratic process in planning......Page 195
11.3.1 In general......Page 196
11.3.3 Politicians and professionals......Page 197
11.3.5 Public participation......Page 198
11.3.7 Weakness for democracy of the grand index......Page 199
12.1 The role of evaluation in the planning process......Page 200
12.2.1 Subplans......Page 201
12.2.2 Adaptation of evaluation method to subplan......Page 202
12.3 Plan implementation......Page 203
12.4 Plan review......Page 204
12.5 Relationship of plan review to other kinds of review......Page 205
12.6 Relationship of evaluation analyst to the planning team......Page 206
13.1 Review of highway evaluation methodology......Page 207
13.2 Context for the case study......Page 209
13.3 Highway authority economic evaluation of IRR......Page 210
13.4.2 Application of the method......Page 211
13.5.1 Description of method......Page 212
13.5.2 Conclusion......Page 214
13.6 Is the cost of the IRR worthwhile......Page 215
14.3.1 The legal basis for control......Page 219
Consideration of the application......Page 220
Planning appeals......Page 221
14.4 Project planning and development control......Page 222
14.5.2 What is a development plan? (DoE 1992b)......Page 224
14.6.1 Official guidelines......Page 225
Changing role of development plans......Page 226
Onus to give reasons......Page 227
PAG Report (Planning Advisory Group 1965)......Page 228
14.6.3 Empirical guidelines......Page 229
14.7.1 The approach: planning for people as though they really mattered3......Page 230
14.7.2 From planning considerations to impacts on people......Page 231
14.7.5 Conclusion: from planning considerations to community impacts......Page 236
14.8.2 Project in the system......Page 237
14.8.3 Options specification by plan variable......Page 238
14.8.4 Effect assessment......Page 239
14.8.6 Application of the generic model to negotiation and bargaining on a planning application......Page 240
14.9 Application to appeals inquiries......Page 242
14.10 A framework for judging sustainable development......Page 243
14.11 Adaptation of the generic model for development control......Page 245
14.12 Lament for planning decisions5......Page 246
15.1 Origins......Page 248
15.2 Evolution......Page 249
15.3.2 Administrative (DoE 1989b, 1991b)......Page 250
15.4.1 The issue......Page 251
15.4.2 Application of the generic model......Page 252
16.1 What is the cultural built heritage?1......Page 254
16.2 The statutory framework for conservation2......Page 255
16.3 The development control issue......Page 256
16.4 Negotiation, bargaining and mediation......Page 257
16.5.2 Use......Page 258
16.5.4 Listed building consent......Page 259
16.5.6 The planning considerations......Page 260
16.7 Use of the generic model, by reference to boxes......Page 261
16.8 Weighting in conservation......Page 262
17.2 Environmental protection and the planning system......Page 265
17.3.1 Origins......Page 266
Integration of environmental effects in the planning system......Page 267
17.4.1 Project planning and environmental assessment......Page 271
B Projects in the system......Page 272
E Decision space/framework......Page 273
F Effect assessment......Page 274
G Impact evaluation......Page 279
Conclusion from CIE......Page 280
A Planning......Page 286
G Impact evaluation......Page 287
17.5.2 The DoE approach......Page 290
17.5.3 Towards integration of environmental and land-use policies......Page 291
17.6.1 The impact of environmental assessment on planning assessment......Page 292
17.6.2 The impact of planning assessment on environmental assessment......Page 293
18.2 Current provisions for the protection of green belts......Page 295
18.3.3 Onus for giving reason......Page 296
18.4 Planning considerations......Page 297
18.5 The generic model and green belt development2......Page 298
19.2 The approach to lifting the burden......Page 299
19.3.1 The controls under review......Page 301
19.3.2 The procedures for removal......Page 302
19.5 Application of the generic model......Page 303
20.2.1 Kind of evaluation......Page 305
20.3.2 What is the planning for?......Page 306
20.3.6 Is the decision-taker the same as the commissioning client?......Page 307
20.4 Best use of available resources......Page 308
20.6 Link to the generic method......Page 309
20.7 Evaluation study programme......Page 310
APPENDIX......Page 311
Categorization of case studies......Page 313
Bibliography......Page 317
INDEX......Page 332