Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Comparative Analysis of the Dispersion Parameters of a Microstrip Antenna for the 57–64, 64–71 and 71–76 GHz Bands
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methods and Design of the Antennas
1.2.1 Rectangular Patch-Type Microstrip Antenna Design
1.2.2 Reflection Coefficient (S11), Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and Radiation Pattern for the Adjustment Models
1.3 Analysis and Discussion of Results
1.3.1 Impact of Resonant Frequency on the Patch Width
1.3.2 Impact of Substrate Thickness (h) on VSWR and S11
1.3.3 Impact of h and Wp on the Effective Dielectric Constant (∈eff)
1.3.4 Impact of fo on Effective Length (Le)
1.3.5 Impact of Substrate Thickness (h) and Effective Dielectric Constant (∈eff) on Length Extension (ΔL)
1.3.6 Impact ΔL and Le on the Patch Length (L)
1.3.7 Impact of h and L on Substrate and Ground Length (Lg)
1.3.8 Impact of Substrate Thickness (h) and Patch Width (Wp) on Substrate and Soil Width (Wg)
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Data Augmentation Techniques Applied to Improve a Vitiligo Database
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Theoretical Background
2.2.1 Watershed
2.2.2 Graph-Based Algorithms
2.2.3 Clustering-Based Algorithms
2.3 Material and Methods
2.3.1 Patients
2.4 Database Description
2.4.1 Data Augmentation
2.4.2 Database Description
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Bacteria Identification in Machangara River Water Capable of Metabolizing Emerging Estrone Pollutant
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Reagents
3.2.2 Sampling Collection Area
3.2.3 Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Analyzes
3.2.4 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Strains
3.2.5 Batch Assays for Evaluation Estrone Consumption
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Analysis
3.3.2 Isolation and Identification of Strains
3.3.3 Evaluation of Estrone Consumption as a Carbon Source
3.3.4 Bacteria Quantification
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Biotransformation of Hyodeoxycholic and Deoxycholic Bile Acids
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Sample Collection
4.2.2 Biotransformation of Bile Acids (Microorganism Monitoring)
4.2.3 Scaling of Cultures by Microorganisms
4.2.4 Extraction of the Biotransformation Product
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Identification of Efficient Bacteria in the Biotransformation of Bile Acids
4.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis
4.4 Discussion
References
5 Estimation of the Bicomponent Adsorption Behavior of Dyes: A Modeling Approach
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Data Selection
5.2.2 Mathematical Modeling of the Data
5.2.3 Analysis of the Effect of Mixtures
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
References
6 An Initial Approach About Data Preprocessing Techniques Applied to Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: A Case Study
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.2.1 Data Cleaning
6.2.2 Exploratory Data Analysis
6.2.3 Data Transformation
6.2.4 Data Reduction
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Data Cleaning
6.3.2 Exploratory Data Analysis
6.3.3 Data Transformation
6.3.4 Data Reduction
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Simulation of a Condenser Component of a Thermal System Driven by Solar Energy for Seawater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 System Description
7.2.2 Condenser
7.2.3 Heat Transfer
7.2.4 Numerical Model
7.2.5 Mesh Generation
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.4 Conclusions
References
8 Combined Methods for Seawater Desalination. Solar Active Desalination Process
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Desalination
8.2.1 Seawater Desalination
8.2.2 Desalination Methods
8.3 Methodology
8.3.1 Process Description
8.3.2 Experimental Tests
8.4 Results
8.5 Discussion
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Simulation of Centralized and Decentralized Photovoltaic Generation Systems for Isolated Sectors of the Electricity Grid
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods
9.2.1 Case Study
9.2.2 Renewable Resources
9.3 System Components
9.3.1 Photovoltaic Panels
9.3.2 Battery Bank
9.3.3 Power Coupling
9.4 Results
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Google Classroom as a Mobile and Blended Learning Strategy for Salesian Groups Training
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Background Literature
10.2 Methods
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.4 Conclusions
References
11 Combining Escape Rooms and Google Forms to Reinforce Python Programming Learning
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.2.1 Escape Rooms as a Learning Technique
11.2.2 Developing Escape Rooms as Python Educational Scenarios
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.4 Conclusions
References
12 Model of State Spaces for Estimating the Dynamic Origin–Destination Matrix for a Public Transport Network by Applying the Kalman Filter
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Formulation of the Model Applying Kalman Filter
12.2.1 State Spaces
12.2.2 Status Vector
12.2.3 Measurements Vector
12.2.4 Kalman Filter Algorithm
12.3 Formulation of Models on the Transport Network
12.3.1 Evolution Matrix
12.3.2 Noise Model
12.3.3 Tests of the Formulated Model
12.4 Case Study
12.4.1 Kalman Filter Algorithm Execution
12.5 Conclusions
12.6 Future Research Directions
References
13 Multi-objective Logistic Regression for Anomaly Detection in Water Distribution Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background
13.2.1 Machine Learning and Supervised Learning
13.2.2 Logistic Regression
13.2.3 Multi-objective Optimisation
13.3 Tools and Methods
13.4 Study Design
13.5 Multi-objective Learning Discussion
13.6 Conclusions
References
14 What Affects Household Electricity Demand in Ecuador: Using Analytical Hierarchy Process to Read Homeowners’ Perception
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Review
14.2.1 Household Electricity Indicators
14.2.2 Multicriteria Decision Making: Analytical Hierarchy Process
14.3 Methodology
14.3.1 Criterions and Sub-Criterions List
14.3.2 Data Collection
14.4 Results
14.4.1 Weights and Rankings of Criterions
14.4.2 Weights and Rankings of Sub-criterions
14.5 Conclusions and Discussion
References
15 Preliminary Studies of Performance and Lipid Profiles of Ecuadorian P. volubilis L. as Contribution to Agricultural Innovation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Material and Methods
15.2.1 Raw Material
15.2.2 Sample Preparation
15.2.3 Analytical Methods
15.2.4 Statistical Analysis
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Oil Extraction Yield
15.3.2 Lipid Profile Analysis
15.3.3 Discriminant and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
15.4 Discussion
15.5 Conclusions
References
16 Toxicological Evaluation of Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extracts of Ruta graveolens in Artemia salina
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Essential Oil Extraction
16.2.2 Preparation of Ethanolic Extracts
16.2.3 Chemical Identification by FTIR
16.2.4 Acute Toxicity Study
16.2.5 Statistical Analyses
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.3.1 Essential Oil Extraction
16.3.2 Chemical Identification by FTIR
16.3.3 Effect of the Extracts and Essential Oil of Ruta graveolens on the Mortality of Artemia salina
16.4 Conclusions
References
17 Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Yellow and Orange Andean Floral Species
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methods
17.2.1 Total Carotenoids, Total Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity Analysis
17.3 Results
17.3.1 Physicochemical Characteristics
17.3.2 Total Carotenoids, Total Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity
17.4 Discussion
17.4.1 Physicochemical Properties (pH, Soluble Solids, Total Titratable Acidity, Ash, and Humidity) and Color
17.4.2 Total Carotenoids, Total Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity
17.5 Conclusions
References
18 Dynamics of Nitrates and Phosphates in Chone Multipurpose Dam, Ecuador
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methods
18.2.1 Study Area
18.2.2 Data Collection
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Analysis of Nitrate and Phosphate Behavior for the Rainy Season in the CMD Reservoir and Grande River (2014–2020)
18.3.2 Determination of Water Quality for Human Consumption and Agricultural Use in the CDM and Grande River
18.4 Conclusions
References
19 The Effect of Ascorbic and Citric Acids in the in Vitro Establishment of Solanum betaceum to Prevent Phenolic Oxidation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methods
19.2.1 Axillary Buds and Antioxidant Solution
19.3 Results
19.4 Discussion
19.4.1 Seed Versus Axillary Bud
19.4.2 Antioxidant Effect of Citric and Ascorbic Acids
19.5 Conclusions
References
20 The Technification of Irrigation as a Strategy of Community Resilience. Case Study: Pisque River Basin, Ecuador
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methods
20.3 Results
20.3.1 Actors in the Technification of Community Irrigation
20.3.2 Changes in the Agricultural Production System
20.3.3 Technical and Economic Indicators of Efficient Water Use in Irrigation Systems
20.4 Discussion
20.5 Conclusions
References
21 Limitations and Potentialities of Organic or Non-conventional Milk Production in Ecuador
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methods
21.3 Results
21.3.1 Limits and Components of the Systems
21.3.2 Inputs and Outputs of the Systems
21.3.3 Main Interactions in the Systems
21.4 Discussion
21.5 Conclusions
References
22 I + PD Temperature Controller Tuned for Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) on an ARM Platform
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methodology
22.2.1 Identification of the System
22.2.2 Commissioning of the I + PD Control in the Control Plant Trainer (CPT)
22.2.3 I + PD Control Loop
22.2.4 Tuning by Bio-heuristic Algorithm by Ant Colony (ACO)
22.3 Results
22.3.1 Development of I + PD Control Tuned by ACO Method and Analysis of the Data Obtained
22.3.2 Development of the Conventional PID Control Tuned by the ACO Method and Analysis of the Obtained Data
22.3.3 Statistical Analysis Using the Wilcoxon Test
22.4 Discussion
22.5 Conclusions
References
23 Analyzing Trends in Academic Papers about Sustainable Development and Smart Tourism using Text Mining
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Methodology
23.3 Results and Discussion
23.4 Conclusions
References
24 Design and Evaluation of a Distributed Architecture for GeoSparkSim
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Methods
24.2.1 Description of the Proposed Architecture
24.2.2 Configuration of the Architecture
24.2.3 Evaluation
24.2.4 Metric
24.3 Results
24.4 Discussion
24.5 Conclusions
References
25 Toward a Social Media Emergency Events Detection Based on Supervised Learning
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methodology
25.2.1 Data Acquisition
25.2.2 Preprocessing
25.2.3 Supervised Learning Algorithms
25.2.4 Validation Metrics
25.3 Results
25.4 Discussion
25.5 Conclusions
References
26 Exploratory Study of Physic Informed Deep Learning Applied to a Step-Pool for Different Flow Magnitudes
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Methods
26.2.1 Study Site and Field Data
26.2.2 HEC-RAS Model
26.2.3 Physic Informed Neural Network
26.2.4 Metrics
26.3 Results
26.3.1 Experiments Results
26.3.2 Difference Between PIDL and HEC-RAS Profile
26.4 Discussion
26.5 Conclusions
References
27 Effects of Data Augmentation on the Identification of Cough Sound Using Convolutional Neural Networks
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Methodology
27.2.1 Database
27.2.2 Data Augmentation Techniques
27.2.3 System Architecture
27.2.4 Performance Metrics
27.3 Results
27.4 Discussion
27.5 Conclusions
References
28 Analysis of Energy Efficient in Traction and Breaking for Electric Vehicles Through Laboratory Experiments
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Methods
28.2.1 Energy Efficiency
28.2.2 Gear Reduction (Gear Reduction Unit)
28.3 Results and Discussion
28.3.1 Route One Results
28.4 Conclusions
References
29 Analysis of Energy Demand of Passenger Buses in the City of Cuenca
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Material and Methods
29.2.1 Urban Transport Routes Analysis
29.2.2 Bus Units’ Characteristics
29.3 Results and Discussion
29.3.1 Driving Cycle and Altitude Profile
29.3.2 Obtaining Parameters
29.3.3 Power Calculation
29.3.4 Energy Demand
29.4 Conclusions and Future Works
References
30 Driving Style Analysis by Studying PID’s Signals for Determination of Its Influence on Pollutant Emissions
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Literature Review
30.3 Materials and Methods
30.3.1 OBD Data Acquisition and Signal Filtering
30.3.2 Relevant Variables Estimation
30.4 Results
30.4.1 Artificial Neural Network Validation (RNA)
30.5 Discussion
30.6 Conclusions
References
31 PWM Methods in SiC-Current Source Inverter in Motor Drives
31.1 Introduction
31.2 CSI-SiC Power Converter in Motor Drive
31.3 Methods
31.4 Results and Discussions
31.4.1 Power Losses
31.5 Conclusions
References
32 A Proposed Model for Electricity Demand Forecasting in Ecuador Considering Akaike Criterion
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Methodology
32.2.1 Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA)
32.2.2 Box Jenkins Methodology
32.2.3 Forecasting Considerations
32.2.4 Electricity Demand in Ecuador
32.2.5 Ecuadorian Electricity Regulation and Control Agency (ARCONEL)
32.2.6 Problem Formulation
32.3 Analysis of Results
32.3.1 Case Study 1: Maximum Annual Power Demand
32.3.2 Case Study 2: Maximum Monthly Electricity Demand
32.4 Conclusions
References
33 Control Strategy Applied to Smart Photovoltaic Inverters for Reactive Power Exchange Through Volt-Var Control to Improve Voltage Quality in Electrical Distribution Networks
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Volt-Var Control Methodology
33.3 Results
33.4 Conclusions
References
34 K-Factor Analysis to Increase the Actual Capacity of Electrical Distribution Transformers
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Background
34.2.1 Factor K
34.2.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
34.2.3 Software Power Factory
34.2.4 Transformer Losses Due to Harmonic Currents
34.3 Case Study
34.3.1 Presence of THD in Low Voltage Bar
34.4 Case Simulation
34.4.1 Simulation and Determination of Factor K
34.4.2 Loss Simulation and Analysis
34.5 Case Discussion
34.6 Conclusions
References
35 Lead Contamination in the City of Cuenca
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Method
35.2.1 Search for Information
35.2.2 Organization of the Information
35.2.3 Data Analysis
35.3 Results
35.4 Discussion
35.5 Conclusions
References
36 Impact of Urban Agriculture on the Environmental Education of Children and Young People of the City of Cuenca
36.1 Introduction
36.1.1 Environmental Education and Its Contribution
36.1.2 Impact of Urban Agriculture
36.2 Methods
36.2.1 Search for Information
36.2.2 Information Organization
36.2.3 Analysis of Information
36.3 Results
36.3.1 Location of Educational Institutions
36.3.2 Impact of Urban Agriculture on Environmental Education
36.4 Discussion
36.5 Conclusions
References
37 Estimates of the Carbon Capture Potential in Urban Parks and Vehicle CO2 Emissions in Cuenca, Ecuador
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Materials and Methods
37.2.1 Location of the Parks Under Study
37.2.2 Park Selection
37.2.3 Forest Inventory and Estimation of Captured CO2
37.2.4 Species Sampling and Identification
37.2.5 Importance Value Index
37.2.6 Estimated Vehicle CO2 Emissions
37.3 Results and Discussion
37.3.1 Tree Composition of the Parks
37.3.2 Importance Value Index by Species
37.3.3 Tree Clasification According to DBH
37.3.4 CO2 Captured by Sampled Species
37.3.5 CO2 Estimates for Fuel Consumption
37.3.6 Economic Valuation of Carbon Sequstration
37.4 Conclusions
References
38 Flow Maps in the Boiling Process in Domestic Refrigerators
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Methods
38.3 Results and Discussion
38.3.1 Flow Maps for R600a
38.3.2 Flow Maps for R600a with Oil
38.3.3 Flow Maps for R600a with CuO Nanoparticles
38.3.4 Flow Maps for R600a with CuO Nanoparticles and PAO Oil
38.4 Conclusions
References
39 Design of a Photovoltaic System for Self-consumption in Buildings at High-Altitude Cities Located in the Equator
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Methods
39.2.1 Definition of the Location
39.2.2 Data of the Building and of the Surroundings
39.2.3 Analysis of the Available Surface
39.2.4 Analysis of Shadows
39.2.5 Daily Consumption Profile
39.3 Results
39.3.1 Dimensioning of the Photovoltaic Facility
39.4 Discussion
39.5 Conclusions
References
40 Techno-economic Feasibility to Produce Electrical Energy Considering a Hybrid Photovoltaic—Wind System
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Methods
40.2.1 Location
40.2.2 Parameters and Variables
40.2.3 Electrical Load Profile
40.2.4 Schematic of the Hybrid Generation System
40.2.5 Hybrid System Components
40.3 Results
40.4 Conclusions
References
41 Sustainable Management Model of Rural Electrification Project Isolated by Renewable Photovoltaic Energy
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Background
41.2.1 Management Model
41.2.2 Ecuador's Legislation
41.3 Case Study
41.3.1 Pilalo's Village
41.3.2 Organization and Dynamics of the Population
41.3.3 Data Collection
41.4 Software and Economic Viability
41.4.1 Pvsyst
41.4.2 Cost of Energy
41.4.3 System Sizing
41.4.4 Economic Assessment
41.5 Conclusions
References
42 Experimental and Analytical Studies of the Wear of CVD and PVD Cutting Tools in AA7075 Turning at Different Operating Conditions Through ANOVA
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Materials and Methods
42.2.1 Selection of Factors and Levels
42.2.2 Taguchi Method
42.2.3 Wear Measurement
42.2.4 Turning Machining
42.2.5 Analysis of Variance
42.3 Results
42.3.1 Cutting Tools Wear Values
42.3.2 Analysis of Variance
42.4 Conclusions
References
43 Secure Data Model for the Healthcare Industry in Ecuador Using Blockchain Technology
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Materials and Methods
43.3 Results
43.3.1 Definition of Participants and Roles for the Blockchain-Based Healthcare Model in Ecuador
43.3.2 Conceptual Architecture to Increase Data Security in the Healthcare Industry Through Blockchain Technology in Ecuador
43.3.3 Impact of Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Sector in Ecuador
43.4 Discussion
43.5 Conclusions
References
44 Prototype of an Integrated System with IoT Technology for Physiotherapeutic Rehabilitation in Older Adults Through Assisted Technology in a Gerontological Center
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Materials and Methods
44.3 Results
44.3.1 Electromechanics
44.3.2 Electronics
44.3.3 Software
44.4 Discussion
44.5 Conclusions
References
45 Time Series in Sensor Data Using State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Approaches: A Systematic Literature Review
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Materials and Methods
45.3 Results
45.3.1 First Query Results
45.3.2 Second Query Results
45.3.3 Third Query Results
45.4 Conclusions
Appendix
References
46 LoRaWAN: Application of Nonlinear Optimization to Base Stations Location
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Model
46.3 Analysis
46.4 Results
46.4.1 Base Station—Urban Zone
46.4.2 Base Station—Rural Zone
46.5 Conclusions
References
47 Wireless Sensor Network Applied to Precision Agriculture: A Technical Case Study at the Technical University of Manabí
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Materials and Methods
47.3 Results
47.3.1 System Requirements
47.3.2 Electrical Design of the Sensor Network
47.3.3 Sensor Network Operation with IoT Platforms
47.3.4 Energy-Saving Tests
47.4 Conclusions
References
48 Benchmarking of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms in the Early Failure Prediction of a Water Pumping System
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Methodology
48.3 Experiments and Results
48.3.1 Data Processing
48.3.2 Training and Evaluation of Models
48.3.3 Comparison of Model Performances
48.4 Conclusions and Future Works
References
49 Introductory Analysis of LoRa/LoRaWAN Technology in Ecuador
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Methods
49.2.1 Technical Component
49.2.2 Applicable Regulations
49.3 Results and Discussion
49.3.1 Presence of LoRaWAN
49.4 Conclusions
References
50 Optimal Control Algorithms for WNCS Implemented with IoT Tools
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Background
50.3 Simulation and Implementation Methodology
50.3.1 Operation
50.4 Implementation
50.5 Results and Discussion
50.6 Conclusion
References
51 Design and Implementation of a Prototype for Acquisition of Fluorescence Images for the Diagnosis of Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Methodology
51.2.1 Optical System
51.2.2 Electronic System
51.2.3 System of Image Acquisition
51.2.4 Mechanical System
51.3 Results and Discussion
51.3.1 Validation of Results
51.4 Conclusions
References
52 Performance Analysis of Protected Next-Generation Optical Access Networks
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Network Scenarios
52.3 Simulation Setup
52.4 Results and Analysis
52.5 Conclusion
References
53 Vermicomposting: Production of Humus and Biol
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Methodology
53.2.1 Site Description
53.2.2 Elaboration of the Vermicompost
53.2.3 Feeding of the Worms
53.2.4 Humidity and pH Measurement
53.2.5 Worm Harvesting and Humus Production
53.3 Results and Discussion
53.4 Conclusions
References
54 Evaluation of the Microbiological Quality of Iceberg Lettuce Commercialized in the Markets of the City of Cuenca
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Methods
54.2.1 Selection and Sampling
54.2.2 Sample Preparation
54.2.3 Selection of the Culture Medium
54.3 Results
54.4 Discussion
54.5 Conclusions
References
55 Clustering: A Fundamental Axis in the Competitiveness of the Textile Industry in the Post-pandemic Era
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Methodology
55.2.1 TASI Method
55.2.2 Textile Companies
55.2.3 Limitations
55.3 Results
55.4 Discussion of Results
55.5 Conclusions
References
56 Optimization of the Economic Dispatch of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using CPLEX
56.1 Introduction
56.2 State of the Art
56.3 Problem Optimization Formulation
56.3.1 Table of Variables of the Thermal Power Plant
56.3.2 Analysis of the Objective Equation
56.3.3 Restrictions
56.3.4 Algorithm Pseudocode
56.4 Results
56.5 Conclusions
References
57 Does Cooperation Boost a Transition to a Higher Innovation Intensity in Firms?
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Methodology
57.3 Results
57.4 Discussion
57.5 Conclusions
References
58 Intelligent White Cane for Visually Impaired People Based on an Ultrasonic Sensor
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Device Design Considerations
58.3 Prototype Results Analysis
58.3.1 Distance Error
58.3.2 TRIZ Matrix
58.4 Discussion
58.5 Conclusions
References
59 Smart White Cane for Unevenness Detection Using an Optical Device for Visually Impaired People Assistance
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Smart White Cane Design Considerations
59.3 Results and Analysis
59.4 Discussion
59.5 Conclusion
References
60 Functional Requirements for Management and Control of Public Transportation Vehicles, Applied to Sustainable Mobility in Medium-Sized Cities
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Methods
60.2.1 Awareness of Problem
60.2.2 Suggestion
60.3 Results
60.3.1 Current Challenges for Strategic Public Transportation Systems
60.3.2 Prioritization of IT Services for Fleet Management and Control Systems
60.3.3 Functional Requirements for Fleet Management and Control System
60.3.4 Proposals for the Implementation of the Requirements of the Fleet Management and Control System
60.3.5 Work in Progress
60.4 Conclusions
References
61 Design and Implementation of a Software for Solving Wave Equations
61.1 Introduction
61.2 The Physical Model and the Mathematical Model
61.3 Numerical Development and Implementation
61.4 Test and Validity of the Implemented Code
61.5 Conclusions
References
62 Smart Contracts for User Registration on Ethereum Technology: Systematic Literature Review
62.1 Introduction
62.1.1 Scope
62.2 Methodology
62.3 Results
62.3.1 Review Plannig
62.3.2 Conducting the Review
62.3.3 Presentation of the Report
62.4 Conclusions
References
63 Encapsulation Component and Its Incidence into Scientific Software Performance
63.1 Introduction
63.1.1 Object-Oriented Paradigm
63.1.2 Software Scientific Development
63.2 Materials and Methods
63.2.1 Experimental Design
63.3 Simulations
63.4 Results
63.4.1 Data Analysis Exploration
63.4.2 Hypothesis Testing
63.5 Conclusions
References
64 Applying Maturity Models in Organizations for Digital Transformation: A Comparative Study
64.1 Introduction
64.2 Literature Review Outcomes
64.2.1 Digital Transformation
64.2.2 Main Models for Digital Maturity
64.3 Methodology
64.4 Results
64.5 Discussion
64.6 Conclusions
References
65 Analysis of the Productivity of Pair Programming Versus Solo Programming in a University Classroom
65.1 Introduction
65.2 Related Work
65.3 Methodology
65.3.1 Objectives
65.3.2 Hypothesis
65.3.3 Variables
65.3.4 Parameters
65.3.5 Design of the Experiment
65.3.6 Participants
65.4 Results
65.4.1 Statistic Analysis
65.5 Discussion
65.6 Conclusion
References
66 Quality Evaluation of a Spring Cloud Microservices Architecture Implementation
66.1 Introduction
66.2 Research Design
66.2.1 Population and Sample
66.2.2 Theoretical Foundation
66.2.3 Software Artifact Design and Implementation
66.3 Results
66.3.1 Definition of the Quality in Use Model
66.3.2 Measurement of the Quality in Use Model
66.3.3 Evaluation of the Quality in Use Model
66.4 Discussion
66.5 Conclusions and Future Work
References
67 Vibrations Associated with the Quality of Combustion Derived from Induced Failures in a Spark Ignition Engine
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Materials and Methods
67.2.1 Faults Generated in the Engine
67.2.2 Experimental Setup
67.2.3 Data Processing
67.3 Results and Discussion
67.4 Conclusions
References
68 Modified First Stage of French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Highlands: Start-Up of the System
68.1 Introduction
68.2 Methods
68.2.1 Study Site and Pilot-Scale Units
68.2.2 Operation Mode, Sampling, Monitoring, and Testing
68.3 Results and Discussion
68.3.1 Start-Up of the Treatment System and Plant Growth
68.3.2 Influent Characterization
68.3.3 Performance of the Pilots
68.4 Conclusions
References
Author Index