Communicating Across Cultures

✍ Scribed by Stella Ting-Toomey, Tenzin Dorjee

• Publisher: The Guilford Press
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 490
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This highly regarded text--now revised and expanded with 50% new material--helps students and professionals build their knowledge and competencies for effective intercultural communication in any setting. The authors' comprehensive, updated theoretical framework (integrative identity negotiation theory) reveals how both verbal and nonverbal communication are affected by multilayered facets of identity. Written in a candid, conversational style, the book is rich with engaging examples illustrating cultural conflicts and misunderstandings that arise in workplace, educational, interpersonal, and community contexts. Readers learn how to transform polarized conversations into successful intercultural engagements by combining knowledge about culture with mindful listening and communication skills.
 
New to This Edition
Extensively revised to reflect the ongoing development of integrative identity negotiation theory, nearly 20 years of research advances, the growing diversity of the United States, and global trends.
Chapter providing a mindfulness lens on intercultural and intergroup communication competence.
Chapter on culture shock in sojourners (international students, global businesspeople, and others).
Chapter on immigrants' acculturation processes.
Lively chapter-opening case examples, including compelling personal stories.
End-of-chapter summaries, "Mindful Guidelines" to put into practice, and critical thinking questions.
*New and expanded discussions of hot topics: cross-cultural workplaces, community building, peace building, romantic relationships, prejudice and discrimination, microaggressions, and ethical issues. 

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Extended Contents
Part I. Conceptual Foundations and Contextual Settings
1. Intercultural Communication: An Introduction
Introduction
Why Study Intercultural Communication?
Global Boundary‑Crossing Trends
Domestic Diversity Trends
New Media Trends in Intercultural Communication
Intergroup–Interpersonal Discovery Opportunities
Cultivating Mindful Communication Practice
What Is Intercultural Communication?
Conceptualization of Culture
Conceptualization of Intercultural Communication
Five Core Assumptions of Intercultural Communication
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
2. Intercultural–Intergroup Engagement: An Integrative Identity Negotiation Theory Framework
An Intercultural Journey: A Case Story
Introduction
Theorizing and Researching Intercultural–Intergroup Communication
Functional/Social Scientific Paradigm
Interpretive Paradigm
Critical/Cultural Studies Paradigm
An Integrative Identity Negotiation Theory Framework
Identity Negotiation Theory: Key Backdrop Ideas
Identity Negotiation Theory: Key Assumptions
Understanding Core Composite Identity Domains
Sociocultural Membership: Cultural Identity and Ethnic Identity
Religious/Spiritual Identity
Gender Identity
Stigmatized Group‑Based Identities
Sociorelational Role Identities: Family Role and Generational Role Identities
Relational Role and Professional Role Identities
Personal Identity Attributes
Symbolic Interaction Identities
Complex Sociocultural Identity Intersection: A Summary
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
3. Sojourners’ Culture Shock and Intercultural Adjustment Patterns
Culture Shock: A Cup of Tea Interview Case Story
Introduction
Different Types of Sojourners: Motivations and Expectations
Adjustment Motivations and Expectations
International Students and Cultural Exchange Student Sojourners
Global Workplace Transferees and Global Mobility Families
Third‑Culture Kids/Global Nomads
Tourists as Short‑Term Sojourners
Culture Shock: Conceptualization and Implications
Culture Shock: An ABC Model
The Pros and Cons of Culture Shock: Implications
Navigating Intercultural Adjustment: Underlying Factors and Models
Underlying Factors
Intercultural Adjustment Models: Developmental Patterns
Reentry Culture Shock: Surprises and Resocialization
Surprising Elements
Resocialization: Profiles of Different Returnees
Where Is Home?
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
4. Immigrants’ Acculturation Process and Intergroup Contacts
An Intercultural Dating Dilemma: Immigrants’ Intergenerational Clash Case Story
Introduction
Intercultural Acculturation: Antecedent Factors
Systems‑Level Factors
Individual‑Level Factors
Interpersonal‑Level Factors
Intergroup Contacts and Adaptation Strategies
Identity Change Models for Immigrants and Minority Members
Intergroup Social Identity Complexity
Intergroup Communication Challenges and Adaptation
Intergroup Interaction Strategies: Strategic Adaptation
Immigrants’ Acculturation Outcomes
Systems‑Level and Interpersonal‑Level Outcomes
Personal Identity Change Outcomes
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
Part II. Navigating Intercultural and Intergroup Communication with Mindfulness
5. Developing Intercultural and Intergroup Communication Competence: A Mindfulness Lens
Friendly Teasing or Verbal Harassment?: A Case Story
Introduction
Integrative Identity Negotiation Competence: Criteria
Intercultural Competence Criteria: Interaction Yardsticks
Intergroup Competence Criteria: Interaction Yardsticks
Culture‑Sensitive Competence Components
Acquiring the Culture‑Sensitive and Identity‑Sensitive Knowledge Component
Developing the Flexible Mind-Set and Open‑Hearted Attitudes Component
Sharpening Intercultural–Intergroup Communication Capacities and the Skillsets Component
Intercultural–Intergroup Desired Outcomes: Transformative Movements
Mindfulness: Linking Criteria, Components, and Outcomes
The Connective Hook
The Threefold Facets
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
6. Cultural Value Dimensions and Intercultural Encounters
Respectful Gestures and Value Probes: A Case Story
Introduction
The Cultural Value Variability Framework: Culture‑Level Systems Analysis
Functions of Cultural and Personal Value Assumptions
Individualism–Collectivism Value Spectrum: The Core Value Dimension
The Power Distance Value Variability Dimension
The Uncertainty Avoidance Value Variability Dimension
The Masculinity–Femininity Value Variability Dimension
Additional Cultural Value Variability Dimensions
Self‑Conceptions, Personal Dispositions, and Situational Considerations
Independent Self‑Construal versus Interdependent/Relational Self‑Construal
Horizontal versus Vertical Personality Attributes
Uncertainty‑Oriented versus Certainty‑Oriented Personality Type
Androgynous Gender Identity versus Traditional Sex Role Identity
Culture × Personality × Situational Condition Considerations
Classical Value Orientations and Intercultural–Intergroup Encounters
Classical Value Orientations and Basic Assumptions
People–Nature Value Orientation
Temporal Orientation
Human Nature Orientation
Activity Orientation
Relational Orientation
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
7. Mindful Intercultural Verbal Communication
Intercultural Verbal Misunderstanding or Conflict Clash?: A Case Story
Introduction
Human Language: A Coherent System
Arbitrariness
Multilayered Rules
Pragmatic Rules and Speech Community
Languages across Cultures: Diverse Functions
The Group Identity Function
The Ethnolinguistic Vitality Function
The Perceptual Filtering Function
The Cognitive Reasoning Function
The Relational Status and Intimacy Function
The Social Evaluation Function
The Creativity Function
Cross‑Cultural Verbal Communication Styles
Low‑Context and High‑Context Communication
Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles
Person‑Oriented and Status‑Oriented Verbal Styles
Self‑Enhancement and Self‑Effacement Verbal Styles
Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
8. Mindful Intercultural Nonverbal Communication
Cultural Pride or Cultural Embarrassment?: A Case Story
Introduction
Multiple Perspectives on Nonverbal Communication
The Bioevolutionary Perspective
The Sociocultural Perspective
The Neuroculture Theory Perspective
Nonverbal Communication: Specific Functions and Patterns
Reflection and Management of Identities
Expression of Emotions and Attitudes
Conversational Management
Impression Formation and Attraction
Space and Time Across Cultures
Interpersonal Spatial Boundary Regulation
Environmental Boundary Regulation
Temporal Regulation
Interpersonal Synchrony, Deception and Deviance, and Nonverbal Cautions
Interpersonal Interactive Synchrony
Deception and Deviance
Nonverbal Cautions
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
Part III. Boundary Regulation and Intercultural–Intergroup Relationship Development Processes
9. Understanding Intergroup Perceptual Filters, Biases, and Communicative Distance
A Simple Misunderstanding or Racism?: A Case Story
Introduction
Social Identity Theory and Its Associated Constructs: A Boundary‑Regulation Approach
Intergroup Perception
Social Identity Theory
Social Categorization
Social Comparison
Ethnocentrism and Communication
Stereotypes and Communication
Intergroup Attribution: A Sense‑Making Process
Attribution Theory
Intergroup Attribution Theory
Mind‑Sets and Communication: Affective and Cognitive Filters
Perceived Intergroup Threat and Intergroup Biases
Prejudice and Communication
Power and Privilege: Discriminatory Practices and Microaggressions
Reduction of Prejudice and Discrimination
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
10. Attending to Intercultural and Intergroup Conflict Issues
A Motivational or Demotivational Speech?: A Case Story
Introduction
Intercultural Conflict Competence: Criteria and Components
Intercultural Conflict Competence: Criteria
Intercultural Conflict Competence: Components
A Culture‑Based Situational Conflict Model
Cultural and Individual Socialization Value Patterns
Situational Role and Relational Distance Parameters
Identity‑Based Threats and Face‑Threatening Process
Integrated Threat Theory
Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: A Brief History
Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: Core Assumptions, Key Conditions, and Research Findings
Core Assumptions
Key Conditions
Essential Constructs and Related Research Findings
Cultural and Individual Variability and Facework Strategies
Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: Recent Research Trends
Cross‑Cultural Face‑Sensitive Emotions
Cross‑Cultural Conflict Forgiveness
Intergenerational Face and the Dark Side of Face
Researching Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: Future Directions
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
11. Attuning to Intercultural–Intimate Relationship Development Processes
Ken and Kim’s Marital Crisis: Arrival of the In-Laws Case Story
Introduction
Developing Intercultural–Intimate Relationships: Sociocultural Membership Identity Factors
Cultural–Ethnic Membership Values
Anxiety/Uncertainty Interaction Management
Love Attitudes and Expectations
Personal Commitment and Structural Commitment
Attuning to Intercultural–Intimate Relationship Attraction: Interpersonal Facilitating Factors
Perceived Physical Attractiveness
Perceived Attitudinal Similarity
Cross‑Cultural Self‑Disclosure Comparisons
Online Disclosure of Affection
Intercultural–Intimate Conflict: Stumbling Blocks
Intercultural–Interracial Romantic Relationship Development Stages
The Encounter: Prejudice and Racism
Countering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies
Relational Transgressions and Cross‑Cultural Responses
Raising Secure Bicultural Children
Developing an Identity Plan and Relationship Satisfaction
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
12. Becoming Ethical Intercultural Practitioners and Improving Communication Practices
Michigan Doctors Charged: Religious Practice or Child Abuse? A Case Story
Introduction
Contemporary Issues Revolving Around Ethical Choice Making
Global Standard Procedures and Local Justice Issues
Corporate Responsibility and Local Customary Practice
Cultural Value Clash and Communication Emphasis
Understanding Existing Intercultural Ethical Positions
The Ethical Absolutism Position versus the Ethical Relativism Position
The Meta‑Ethics Contextualism Framework: Macro- and Micro‑Level Analysis
The Meta‑Ethics Contextualism Direction: Procedures and Reflexive Questions
Cultivating Ethical Intercultural Research and Training Practices
Intercultural Communication Research: Specific Ethical Issues
Intercultural Communication Training: Specific Ethical Issues
Promoting Global Social Justice and Peace‑Building Processes: A Lifelong Journey
Secular Ethics: Intergroup Social Justice and Global Peace Building
Improving Ethical Transcultural Communication Practices
Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines
Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions
Appendix A. Researching Intercultural and Intergroup Communication: Three Paradigms and Conflict Studies Examples
Appendix B. “Be Surprised and Also Holding On!”: Honors Convocation Keynote Speech, May 22, 2009
Appendix C. “Never Give Up!”: Commencement Speech, May 21, 2017
References
Author Index
Subject Index
About the Authors