Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics

✍ Scribed by Marc J. Assael

• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 499
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

CRC Press is pleased to introduce the new edition of Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics , an indispensable resource for those in modern science and engineering disciplines from molecular science, engineering and biotechnology to astrophysics. Fully updated throughout, this edition features two new chapters focused on energy utilization and biological systems.

This edition begins by setting out the fundamentals of thermodynamics, including its basic laws and overarching principles. It provides explanations of those principles in an organized manner, using questions that arise frequently from undergraduates in the classroom as the stimulus. These early chapters explore the language of thermodynamics; the first and second laws; statistical mechanical theory; measurement of thermodynamic quantities and their relationships; phase behavior in single and multicomponent systems; electrochemistry; and chemical and biochemical reaction equilibria. The later chapters explore applications of these fundamentals to a diverse set of subjects including power generation (with and without fossil fuels) for transport, industrial and domestic use; heating; decarbonization technologies; energy storage; refrigeration; environmental pollution; and biotechnology. Data sources for the properties needed to complete thermodynamic evaluations of many processes are included.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Nomenclature
Abbreviations
1. Definitions and the First Law of Thermodynamics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is Thermodynamics?
1.3 What Vocabulary Is Needed to Understand Thermodynamics?
1.3.1 What Is a System?
1.3.2 What Is a State?
1.3.3 What Are the Types of Property: Extensive and Intensive?
1.3.4 What Is a Phase?
1.3.5 What Is a Thermodynamic Process?
1.3.6 What Is Work?
1.3.7 What Is Heat?
1.3.8 What Is a Reversible Process or Reversible Change?
1.3.9 What Is Thermal Equilibrium?
1.3.10 What Is the Amount of Substance?
1.3.11 What Are Molar and Mass or Specific Quantities?
1.3.12 What Is Chemical Composition?
1.3.13 What Are Partial Molar Quantities?
1.3.14 What Are Molar Quantities of Mixing?
1.3.15 What Are Mixtures, Solutions and Molality?
1.3.16 What Are Dilution and Infinite Dilution?
1.3.17 What Is the Extent of Chemical Reaction?
1.4 How Do We Formulate Balances?
1.4.1 What Is the Use and What Is the General Structure of Balances?
1.4.2 What Is a Mass Balance?
1.4.3 What Is a Molar Balance on the Amount of Substance?
1.4.4 What Is Internal, or Thermodynamic, Energy? What Is an Energy Balance for a Closed System?
1.4.5 What Is Enthalpy and Why Was It Introduced?
1.5 What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
1.5.1 What Is the Statement of the First Law?
1.5.2 How Are Changes in Thermodynamic Energy Linked to Measurable State Variables?
1.5.3 How Can the First Law Be Used to Calculate the Energy Required for a State Change in Closed Systems without Chemical Reactions?
1.5.4 How Can the First Law Be Applied to a Closed, Stirred Chemical Reactor at Constant Pressure?
1.5.5 How Can the First Law Be Applied to Open, Non-Reactive Flow Systems at Steady State?
1.5.6 How Can the First Law Be Applied to Transient Open Systems with Several Feed and Discharge Points and Multiple Chemical Reactions?
1.5.7 Can One Write Heat Balances?
1.6 Examples of the Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics
1.6.1 How Does a Dewar Flask Work?
1.6.2 In a Thermally Isolated Room, Why Does the Temperature Go up When a Refrigerator Powered by a Compressor Is Placed Within?
1.6.3 What Is the Best Mode of Operation for a Gas Compressor?
1.6.4 What Is the Work Required for an Isothermal Compression?
1.6.5 What Is the Work Required for an Adiabatic Compression?
1.7 How Are Thermodynamic Properties Measured?
1.7.1 What Is the SI System of Units?
1.7.2 How Is Temperature Measured?
1.7.3 How Is Pressure Measured?
1.7.4 What Is the Difference between Uncertainty and Accuracy?
1.8 Calorimetry
1.8.1 How Are Energy and Enthalpy Differences Measured?
1.8.2 How Is the Energy or Enthalpy Change of a Chemical Reaction Measured?
1.8.3 How Are Heat Capacity and Phase Transitions Measured?
1.8.4 How Do I Measure the Energy in a Food Substance?
1.8.5 How Do I Measure the Energy Transitions during Metabolic Processes?
1.8.6 How Do I Measure Joule-Thomson Coefficients?
1.9 What Are Standard Quantities?
1.10 What Mathematical Relationships Are Useful in Thermodynamics?
1.10.1 What Is Partial Differentiation?
1.10.2 What Is Euler's Theorem?
1.10.3 What Is Taylor's Theorem?
1.10.4 What Is the Euler-MacLaurin Theorem?
References
2. Statistical Mechanics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Is Boltzmann's Distribution?
2.3 How do I Evaluate the Partition Function Q for Non-Interacting Molecules?
2.4 What Can Be Calculated Using the Molecular Partition Function?
2.4.1 What Is the Heat Capacity of an Ideal Diatomic Gas?
2.4.2 What Is the Heat Capacity of a Crystal?
2.4.3 What Is the Change of Gibbs Function Associated with the Formation of a Mixture of Gases?
2.4.4 What Is the Equilibrium Constant for a Chemical Reaction in a Gas?
2.4.5 What Is the Entropy of a Perfect Gas?
2.5 What Are Intermolecular Forces and How Do We Know They Exist?
2.5.1 What Is the Intermolecular Potential Energy?
2.5.2 What Is the Origin of Intermolecular Forces?
2.5.3 What Are Model Pair-Potentials and Why Do We Need Them?
2.5.3.1 What Is the Hard-Sphere Potential?
2.5.3.2 What Is the Square Well Potential?
2.5.3.3 What Is the Lennard-Jones (12-6) Potential?
2.5.3.4 What Is the Potential for Nonspherical Systems?
2.5.4 Ιs There Direct Evidence of the Existence of Intermolecular Forces?
2.6 Can Statistical Mechanics Be Used to Calculate the Properties of Real Fluids?
2.6.1 What Is the Canonical Partition Function?
2.6.2 Why Is the Calculation So Difficult for Real Systems?
2.7 What Are Real, Ideal and Perfect Gases and Fluids?
2.8 What Is the Virial Equation and Why Is It Useful?
2.8.1 What Is the Virial Equation for a Pure Substance?
2.8.2 What Happens to the Virial Series for Mixtures?
2.9 How Can I Estimate Thermodynamics Properties?
2.9.1 How Can the Principle of Corresponding States Be Used to Estimate Properties?
2.9.2 How Can the Statistical Association Fluid Theory (SAFT) Be Used to Estimate Properties?
2.10 What Is Entropy in Statistical Thermodynamics?
References
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics, Thermodynamic Functions and Relationships
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What Is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
3.2.1 How Did the Need for a New State Function Arise?
3.2.2 How Do We Formulate Entropy Balances and the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
3.2.3 What Are the Immediate Consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
3.2.3.1 What Are the Consequences of the Second Law for Heat Exchange in Any Process?
3.2.3.2 What Are the Consequences of the Second Law for a Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind?
3.2.4 How Can Heat Engines Convert at Least Part of the Heat Provided into Useful Work?
3.2.5 What Is the Entropy Balance for an Open System?
3.3 What Is Gibbs Energy and Why Was It Introduced?
3.3.1 Why Is There Another State Function Needed?
3.3.2 What Is the Primary Use of Gibbs Energy?
3.3.3 What Is the Gibbs Energy Balance for an Open System?
3.3.4 What Is the Chemical Potential?
3.4 What Are Characteristic, or Fundamental, Equations?
3.5 What Useful Thermodynamic Quantities Can I Calculate?
3.5.1 How Do I Calculate Entropy, Gibbs Function and Enthalpy Changes?
3.5.2 How Do I Calculate Expansivity and Compressibility?
3.5.3 What Can I Gain from Measuring the Speed of Sound in Fluids?
3.5.4 What Can I Gain from Measuring the Speed of Sound in Solids?
3.5.5 Can I Evaluate the Isobaric Heat Capacity from the Isochoric Heat Capacity?
3.5.6 Why Use an Isentropic Expansion to Liquefy a Gas?
3.5.7 Does Expansion of a Gas at Constant Energy Change Its Temperature?
3.5.8 What Is a Joule-Thomson Expansion?
3.6 How Are Thermal, Mechanical and Diffusive Equilibrium Ensured Between Two Phases?
3.6.1 How Are Thermal Equilibrium and Stability Ensured?
3.6.2 How Are Mechanical Equilibrium and Stability Ensured?
3.6.3 How Are Diffusive Equilibrium and Stability Ensured?
3.7 What Are Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Solutions?
3.7.1 What Are the Standard Thermodynamic Functions for a Gas Mixture?
3.7.2 What Is the Standard Chemical Potential for Liquid and Solid Solutions?
3.8 What Is Exergy Good For?
3.9 What Is the Minimum Work Required to Separate Air into Its Constituents?
References
4. Multi-Phase Systems
4.1 What Are the Characteristic Properties of Multi-Phase Systems?
4.1.1 What Are the Important Equations for Systems With Many Phases?
4.1.2 What Is the Phase Rule?
4.2 What Is Phase Equilibrium of a Pure Substance?
4.2.1 What Is Clapeyron's Equation?
4.2.2 How Do we Represent the Vapor Pressure of a Substance?
4.2.3 What Does Clapeyron's Equation Have to Do with Ice Skating?
4.3 How Do I Calculate the Chemical Potential?
4.3.1 What Are the Chemical Potential and Fugacity of a Pure Gas?
4.3.2 What Is the Chemical Potential for a van der Waals Gas?
4.3.3 What Are the Conditions for Equilibria of the Gas and Liquid for the van der Waals Equation?
4.3.4 How Do Chemical Potentials Depend on Concentration for a Gas Mixture?
4.3.5 What Is the Fugacity Coefficient?
4.4 Equilibrium Between Phases
4.4.1 What Is the Condition of Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Mixture of Substances?
4.4.2 How Is Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in a Binary Mixture Described?
4.4.3 How Can I Determine Chemical Potential Differences?
4.4.4 How Do Chemical Potentials Depend on Concentration for a Liquid Mixture?
4.4.5 Can Fugacity Be Used to Calculate (Liquid + Vapor) Phase Equilibrium?
4.4.6 What Is the Poynting Factor?
4.4.7 What Is the Gibbs-Duhem Equation for Fugacity Coefficients?
4.5 What Are Ideal Liquid Mixtures?
4.5.1 What Are Excess Functions?
4.6 What Uses Are Made of Activity and Activity Coefficients?
4.6.1 What Are Activity Coefficients?
4.6.2 What Is the Relative Activity?
4.6.3 What Is Raoult's Law?
4.6.4 How Do You Evaluate Colligative Properties?
4.6.5 What Is a Test of Thermodynamic Consistency?
4.6.6 How Do I Use Activity Coefficients Combined with Fugacity to Model Phase Equilibrium?
4.6.7 How Do We Obtain Activity Coefficients?
4.6.8 Activity Coefficient Models
4.6.9 How Can I Estimate the Equilibrium Mole Fractions of a Component in a Phase?
4.7 How do I Calculate Vapor + Liquid Equilibrium?
4.7.1 Is There a Difference Between a Gas and a Vapor?
4.7.2 What Is Humidity and How Does Air Conditioning Work?
4.7.3 Which Equations of State Are Used in Engineering VLE Calculations?
4.7.4 What Is a Bubble-Point or Dew-Point Calculation and Why Is It Important?
4.7.5 What Is a Flash Calculation?
4.7.5.1 What Is an Isothermal Flash?
4.7.5.2 What Is an Isenthalpic Flash?
4.7.5.3 What Is an Isentropic Flash?
4.8 How Does the Temperature of the Liquid Change When I Dilute Whiskey with Water?
4.9 What Are the Characteristics of Liquid + Liquid and Solid + Liquid Equilibria?
4.9.1 What Are Conformal Mixtures?
4.9.2 What Are Simple Mixtures?
4.9.3 What Are Partially Miscible Liquid Mixtures?
4.9.4 When Do Critical Points in Liquid Mixtures Occur?
4.10 What Particular Features Do Phase Equilibria Have?
4.10.1 What Is a Simple Phase Diagram?
4.10.2 What Is Retrograde Condensation (or Evaporation)?
4.10.3 What Is the Barotropic Effect?
4.10.4 What Is Azeotropy?
4.11 What Are Solutions?
4.11.1 What Is the Osmotic Coefficient of a Solvent?
4.11.2 What Are Henry's Law and Infinite Dilution?
4.11.3 What Is the Minimum Work Required for the Desalination of Seawater?
4.12 What Happens at Interfaces Between Phases?
4.12.1 What Happens with Bubbles and Drops?
4.12.2 What Is Capillary Rise?
4.12.3 Why Does Rain Bead on a Freshly Polished Car?
References
5. Reactions and Electrolytes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Are Chemical Reaction Variables and How Do We Use Them?
5.2.1 What Is the Heat of Reaction and How Do We Calculate It?
5.2.2 What Is the Gibbs Energy of Reaction and How Do We Calculate It?
5.2.3 What Does the Gibbs Energy of Reaction Tell Us About How Chemical Reactions Proceed?
5.2.4 What Are Other Thermodynamic Variables of Reaction?
5.3 How Can We Predict the Equilibrium Composition of Reaction Mixtures?
5.3.1 How Can We Use the Equilibrium Criterion to Calculate the Equilibrium Constant?
5.3.2 How Can We Use Measured Standard Equilibrium Constants for Calculating Other Reaction Variables?
5.3.3 How Do We Calculate the Change of Equilibrium Constant with Temperature?
5.3.4 What Is the Equilibrium Constant for a Reacting Gas Mixture?
5.3.5 What Is the Difference Between G, G⦵, ΔrG and ΔrG⦵ for Reacting Mixtures?
5.4 How Are Equilibrium Constants Defined for Reacting Condensed Phase (Solid or Liquid) Mixtures?
5.4.1 What Is the Equilibrium Constant for Reacting Multiphase Mixtures?
5.4.2 How Do We Define the Standard States for Solutions Containing Only Partially Soluble Solutes and Calculate Equilibrium Constants for Their Reactions?
5.4.2.1 How Do We Define Solute Standard States Using Molality?
5.4.2.2 How Do We Define Solute Standard States Using Molar Concentrations?
5.4.2.3 How Do We Determine Equilibrium Constants for Solution Reactions Using Different Measures of Solute Concentration?
5.5 What Are Galvanic Cells?
5.5.1 How Is Electromotive Force Related to the Cell Gibbs Energy of Reaction?
5.5.2 How Does the Cell emf Depend on Concentration?
5.5.3 How Can Irreversibility at Finite Currents Be Included to Evaluate the Cell emf?
5.5.4 How Do We Use Electrodes Which Are Reversible to Ions of Non-Metals?
5.6 How Can I Estimate Activity Coefficients for Ions in Electrolyte Solutions?
5.7 How Can Chemical Reactions Not at Equilibrium Be Characterized?
5.7.1 What Are Rate Constants and Orders of Reaction?
5.7.2 How Do We Include the Reversibility of Chemical Reactions in Characterizing Their Rates?
5.7.3 How Do Reaction Rates Vary with Temperature and What Is the Gibbs Energy of Activation, ΔG*?
5.8 How Do Gases Adsorb on Solid Surfaces?
5.8.1 How Can We Obtain Thermodynamic Quantities Characterizing Gas-Solid Adsorption?
5.8.2 What Can Gas Adsorption Isotherms Tell Us About Solid-Catalyzed Reactions?
References
6. Power Generation and Refrigeration
6.1 What Is a Cyclic Process and Its Use?
6.2 What Are the Characteristics of Power Cycles?
6.2.1 Why Do Power Plants Have Several Steam Turbines?
6.2.2 What Is a Combined Cycle?
6.2.3 How Does a Cooling Tower Work?
6.2.4 Why Are Cooling Towers Shaped Like an Hour Glass?
6.3 What Is the Energy Penalty We Must Pay to Capture CO2 from Fossil Fuel Power Plants?
6.3.1 What Are the Principles of a Solvent-Based CO2 Capture Plant?
6.3.2 What Are the Energy Requirements of a Solvent-Based CO2 Capture Plant?
6.3.2.1 Absorption stage
6.3.2.2 Stripping stage
6.3.3 How Much Electricity and Carbon Dioxide Do We Generate by Burning 1 Kilogram of Natural Gas in a CCGT Power Plant?
6.3.4 What Is the Energy Penalty and Efficiency Decrease Incurred by Adding Amine-Solvent Post-Combustion Carbon Capture onto a CCGT Power Plant?
6.3.5 How Does the Calcium Looping CO2 Capture Process Work and How Much Energy Does It Use?
6.3.5.1 Carbonator
6.3.5.2 Calciner
6.3.5.3 Combined
6.3.5.4 Additional power generation
6.3.5.5 Overall net energy penalty
6.3.6 What Is the Chemical Looping CO2 Capture Process and How Much Energy Does It Use?
6.3.6.1 How Does Chemical Looping Approach a Reversible Combustion Pathway?
6.3.6.2 How Do We Calculate the Thermodynamic Efficiency of a Chemical Looping Combustion Power Cycle?
6.3.6.3 What Is a Practical Example of a Chemical Looping Combustion Cycle and How Efficient Can It Be?
a Oxidizer
b Reducer
c Thermodynamic efficiency
6.4 Why Does a Diesel Car Have a Better Fuel Efficiency Than a Gasoline Car?
6.5 What Is a Refrigeration Cycle?
6.5.1 What Is a Vapor-Compression Cycle?
6.5.2 How Do I Choose the Right Refrigerant for an Application?
6.5.3 What Is an Absorption Refrigerator Cycle?
6.5.4 Can I Use Solar Power for Cooling?
6.6 What Is a Liquefaction Process?
References
7. Energy and the Environment
7.1 Why Do We Need Different Energy Vectors and How Do They Impact the Environment?
7.2 Does a Hydrogen Energy Economy Make Thermodynamic Sense?
7.2.1 How Can We Compare the Energy Content of Hydrogen with Other Energy Carriers?
7.2.2 What Is the Change of Net Energy Content in Conversion from Primary Hydrocarbon Energy Carrier to Hydrogen?
7.2.3 How Does the Efficiency of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Compare with a Petrol Internal Combustion Engine?
7.2.3.1 How Does This Fuel Cell Voltage Change with Temperature, Pressure and Composition?
7.2.3.2 What Is the Thermodynamic Efficiency of a Fuel Cell?
7.2.4 What Is the Energy Requirement for Making Hydrogen by Water Electrolysis?
7.2.5 What Is the Carbon Footprint of Making Hydrogen by Water Electrolysis Using Electricity from Different Sources?
7.3 Rather Than Bury CO2 in CCS Processes, Why Not Convert the CO2 Useful Chemical Products and Fuels?
7.3.1 How Easily Is CO2 Converted into Solid Carbonates?
7.3.2 How Easily Is CO2 Converted to Urea?
7.3.3 How Can CO2 Be Reduced to Create the Syngas Building Blocks for Synthesizing Other Chemicals and Fuels?
7.3.4 Which Conversions of Syngas to Organic Chemicals and Fuels Make Thermodynamic Sense?
7.3.5 How Can CO2 Be Converted to Polymers and Be Sequestered in Solid Plastic Materials?
7.3.6 Is the Direct Conversion of Captured CO2 to Useful Chemicals Thermodynamically Viable?
7.4 Does Direct Air Capture Make Thermodynamic Sense?
7.4.1 What Is the Thermodynamic Minimum Energy Requirement of Separating CO2 from the Other Components of Air?
7.4.2 How Do the Conditions for Direct Air Capture Affect the Energy Requirements?
7.4.3 Can We Adapt Solvent-Based Carbon Capture Approaches to Direct Air Capture?
7.4.4 How Might the Energy Requirements for Direct Air Capture Be Reduced?
7.5 How Can We Store Energy on a Large Scale?
7.5.1 What Is the Basis of Thermal Energy Storage?
7.5.2 How Can Thermal Energy Be Stored at High Temperatures?
7.5.3 What Is the Efficiency and Size of a Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage System for a 100 MW Solar Power Plant?
7.5.3.1 Solar energy capture
7.5.3.2 Heat storage charging
7.5.3.3 Heat storage discharge
7.5.4 How Might the Efficiency of a Thermal Energy Storage System Be Improved?
7.5.5 How Effective Is a Heat Pump at Using the Solar Energy Stored in the Ground?
7.5.6 How Sustainable Is Using a Ground Source Heat Pump?
7.5.7 How Can We Use Air to Store Energy?
7.5.7.1 Adiabatic compression mode
7.5.7.2 Isothermal compression mode
7.5.8 How Can We Use Water Systems to Store Energy?
7.5.9 What Is the Potential for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems?
7.5.10 How Do Efficiencies, Scale and Capacities of Different Storage and Conversion Processes Compare?
7.6 What Does Thermodynamics Tell Us About Wind Energy?
7.7 Can We Use the Kinetic Energy in Water Waves and Tides to Produce Electricity?
7.8 How Can We Use Thermodynamics to Compare the Range of Energy Sources and Conversion/Storage Systems to Help Decide Which Systems to Use for Different Applications?
7.8.1 How Does the Energy Content of Fossil Fuels Degrade as We Use them for Power and Hydrogen?
7.8.2 How Efficiently Can We Use Natural Gas for Power and Conversion to Other Fuels?
7.8.3 How Do Renewable Energy Sources Compare for Different Applications?
7.8.4 Which Energy Sources Are Best Suited for Domestic and District Heating?
7.8.5 How Do the Energy Options Compare for Decarbonizing (Some) Transport?
7.9 Are There Any Aspects of Environmental Pollution That Can Be Analyzed by Equilibrium Thermodynamics Alone?
7.9.1 How Can We Estimate the Concentration of a Noxious Volatile Material in a Large Body of Water Near a Source?
7.9.2 How May the Concentration of a Pollutant in a Fish Be Several Orders Greater Than in the Water in Which the Fish Lives?
7.9.3 Can We Estimate the Concentration of a PCB in Soil?
References
8. Biothermodynamics
8.1 Are Large Biological Molecules in Aqueous Solutions Any Different from Familiar Molecules in Organic Mixtures?
8.1.1 How Do Charges on Biological Molecules Affect Phase Equilibrium and Reaction Equilibrium?
8.1.2 How Do We Calculate the Activity Coefficients for Long-Range Electrostatic Interactions?
8.1.3 Why Should We Also Consider Short-Range Interactions of Charged Biomolecules?
8.1.4 What Are Excess Energy Models, and What Are Equation-of-State Models?
8.2 How Can Thermodynamics Be Applied to Cultures of Living Cells?
8.2.1 Why Is the Application of Thermodynamics to Cultures of Live Cells Important?
8.2.2 How Can the First Law Be Applied to a Growing Cellular Culture?
8.2.2.1 How Do We Formulate Energy and Molar Balances for Growing Cellular Cultures?
8.2.2.2 How Can We Monitor a Growing Cellular Culture Based on the First Law?
8.2.2.3 What Is Indirect Calorimetry?
8.2.3 How Can the Second Law Be Applied to a Growing Cellular Culture?
8.2.3.1 What Is the Driving Force for Growth?
8.2.3.2 How Can Growth Be Reconciled with the Need for Entropy Production?
8.2.3.3 What Is Schrödinger's Negentropy?
8.2.3.4 How Can Gibbs Energy Balances Be Applied to Growing Cells?
8.3 How Can a Gibbs Energy Analysis Be Used to Predict the Growth Yield of Cellular Cultures?
8.3.1 Why Is the Growth Yield Related to the Gibbs Energy Dissipation?
8.3.1.1 What Is the Growth Yield and Why Is it Important?
8.3.1.2 How Do Growing Organisms Reconcile the Need to Incorporate Gibbs Energy Dissipation with the Need to Incorporate Gibbs Energy into the Fresh Biomass?
8.3.1.3 What Is the Thermodynamically Highest Possible Growth Yield?
8.3.1.4 How Can the Standard Gibbs Energy of the Anabolic, the Catabolic and Consequently the Whole Growth Reaction Be Estimated?
8.3.2 What Is the Actual Relationship Between the Gibbs Energy Change of Growth and Biomass Yield and How Can We Use It to Predict YX/S?
8.3.2.1 What Is the ΔrGX-YX/S Relationship for Aerobic Growth?
8.3.2.2 What Special Features Arise in Anaerobic Growth?
8.3.2.3 How Can the Relationship Between Gibbs Energy Dissipation and Growth Yield Be Used to Predict the Latter?
8.3.2.4 Is the Concept of Energetic Growth Efficiency Useful?
8.3.3 Does Endothermic Growth Exist?
8.3.4 What Important Culture Performance Parameters Other Than Growth Yield Can Be Predicted Based on Thermodynamics?
8.4 Can Thermodynamics Be Used to Develop Biorefineries?
8.4.1 Why Are We Interested in Biorefineries?
8.4.2 What Are Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology?
8.4.3 Is it Possible to Assess the Thermodynamic Feasibility of Genetically Engineered Novel Metabolic Pathways?
8.4.4 How Does a Thermodynamic Feasibility Analysis Work?
8.4.5 What Is Required for a Thermodynamic Feasibility Analysis?
References
9. Sources of Data
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What Kind of Numbers Are We Searching For?
9.2.1 How Uncertain Should the Values Be?
9.2.2 Why Should the Numbers Be Internationally Agreed-Upon Values?
9.2.3 Should I Prefer Experimental or Predicted (Estimated) Values?
9.3 What Software Packages Exist for the Calculation of Thermophysical Properties?
9.3.1 What Is the NIST Thermo Data Engine (TDE)?
9.3.2 What Is the NIST REFPROP?
9.3.3 What Is the NIST Chemistry Webbook?
9.3.4 What Is the DIPPR Database?
9.3.5 What Is the Landolt-Börnstein Database?
9.3.6 What Is the NIST STEAM?
9.3.7 What Is CoolProp?
9.3.8 What Is ILThermo?
9.3.9 What Is the Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database?
9.3.10 What Is KDB?
9.3.11 What Is DETHERM?
9.4 How Do We Find Enthalpies, Gibbs Energies and Entropies for Biochemical Reactions?
9.4.1 How Are ΔcH⦵, ΔcG⦵, ΔcS⦵ Estimated When Only the ElementalComposition of Species B Is Available?
9.4.2 How Are Estimates of Gibbs Energies of Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Calculated?
9.4.3 How Is ΔfG⦵ Estimated If the Structural Formula of the Biomolecule B Is Available?
9.4.4 How Can Metabolic Reaction Networks and Conditions in Cells Be Taken into Account for Thermodynamic Feasibility Analysis?
9.4.5 Where Can Reliable, Experimentally Determined Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies for Biochemical Reactions Be Found?
9.5 What About Searching in Scientific and Engineering Journals?
9.6 How Can I Evaluate Reported Experimental Values?
9.7 What Are the Preferred Methods for the Measurement of Thermodynamic Properties?
References
Index