Comment on maternal alcohol consumption—Re: “Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome: Environmental connection”

Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign

Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): Environmental connection

✍ Jorma Toppari; Helena E. Virtanen; Katharina M. Main; Niels E. Skakkebaek 📂 Article 📅 2010 🏛 John Wiley and Sons 🌐 English ⚖ 310 KB

## Abstract Cryptorchidism and hypospadias are common genital birth defects that affect 2–9% and 0.2–1% of male newborns, respectively. The incidence of both defects shows large geographic variation, and in several countries increasing trends have been reported. The conditions share many risk facto