Preface
1. About OpenStax
2. About OpenStax Resources
3. About College Physics for AP® Courses
4. Additional Resources
5. About the Authors
6. To the AP® Physics Student
7. To the AP® Physics Teacher
Chapter 1. Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics
1.1. Physics: An Introduction
1.2. Physical Quantities and Units
1.3. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
1.4. Approximation
Glossary
Chapter 2. Kinematics
2.1. Displacement
2.2. Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
2.3. Time, Velocity, and Speed
2.4. Acceleration
2.5. Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
2.6. Problem-Solving Basics for One Dimensional Kinematics
2.7. Falling Objects
2.8. Graphical Analysis of One Dimensional Motion
Glossary
Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Kinematics
3.1. Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction
3.2. Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
3.3. Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
3.4. Projectile Motion
3.5. Addition of Velocities
Glossary
Chapter 4. Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
4.1. Development of Force Concept
4.2. Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
4.3. Newton's Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
4.4. Newton's Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
4.5. Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Force
4.6. Problem-Solving Strategies
4.7. Further Applications of Newton's Laws of Motion
4.8. Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
Glossary
Chapter 5. Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity
5.1. Friction
5.2. Drag Forces
5.3. Elasticity: Stress and Strain
Glossary
Chapter 6. Gravitation and Uniform Circular Motion
6.1. Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
6.2. Centripetal Acceleration
6.3. Centripetal Force
6.4. Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force
6.5. Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
6.6. Satellites and Kepler's Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
Glossary
Chapter 7. Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
7.1. Work: The Scientific Definition
7.2. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
7.3. Gravitational Potential Energy
7.4. Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.5. Nonconservative Forces
7.6. Conservation of Energy
7.7. Power
7.8. Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
7.9. World Energy Use
Glossary
Chapter 8. Linear Momentum and Collisions
8.1. Linear Momentum and Force
8.2. Impulse
8.3. Conservation of Momentum
8.4. Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.5. Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.6. Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
8.7. Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
Glossary
Chapter 9. Statics and Torque
9.1. The First Condition for Equilibrium
9.2. The Second Condition for Equilibrium
9.3. Stability
9.4. Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
9.5. Simple Machines
9.6. Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
Glossary
Chapter 10. Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
10.1. Angular Acceleration
10.2. Kinematics of Rotational Motion
10.3. Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
10.4. Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
10.5. Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
10.6. Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
10.7. Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
Glossary
Chapter 11. Fluid Statics
11.1. What Is a Fluid?
11.2. Density
11.3. Pressure
11.4. Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
11.5. Pascal’s Principle
11.6. Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
11.7. Archimedes’ Principle
11.8. Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
11.9. Pressures in the Body
Glossary
Chapter 12. Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
12.1. Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
12.2. Bernoulli’s Equation
12.3. The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
12.4. Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
12.5. The Onset of Turbulence
12.6. Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
12.7. Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
Glossary
Chapter 13. Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
13.1. Temperature
13.2. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
13.3. The Ideal Gas Law
13.4. Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
13.5. Phase Changes
13.6. Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
Glossary
Chapter 14. Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
14.1. Heat
14.2. Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
14.3. Phase Change and Latent Heat
14.4. Heat Transfer Methods
14.5. Conduction
14.6. Convection
14.7. Radiation
Glossary
Chapter 15. Thermodynamics
15.1. The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
15.3. Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
15.4. Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
15.5. Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
15.6. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
15.7. Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
Glossary
Chapter 16. Oscillatory Motion and Waves
16.1. Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
16.2. Period and Frequency in Oscillations
16.3. Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
16.4. The Simple Pendulum
16.5. Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
16.6. Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
16.7. Damped Harmonic Motion
16.8. Forced Oscillations and Resonance
16.9. Waves
16.10. Superposition and Interference
16.11. Energy in Waves: Intensity
Glossary
Chapter 17. Physics of Hearing
17.1. Sound
17.2. Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
17.3. Sound Intensity and Sound Level
17.4. Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
17.5. Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
17.6. Hearing
17.7. Ultrasound
Glossary
Chapter 18. Electric Charge and Electric Field
18.1. Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
18.2. Conductors and Insulators
18.3. Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
18.4. Coulomb’s Law
18.5. Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
18.6. Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
18.7. Electric Forces in Biology
18.8. Applications of Electrostatics
Glossary
Chapter 19. Electric Potential and Electric Field
19.1. Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
19.2. Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
19.3. Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
19.4. Equipotential Lines
19.5. Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.6. Capacitors in Series and Parallel
19.7. Energy Stored in Capacitors
Glossary
Chapter 20. Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law
20.1. Current
20.2. Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
20.3. Resistance and Resistivity
20.4. Electric Power and Energy
20.5. Alternating Current versus Direct Current
20.6. Electric Hazards and the Human Body
20.7. Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
Glossary
Chapter 21. Circuits, Bioelectricity, and DC Instruments
21.1. Resistors in Series and Parallel
21.2. Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
21.3. Kirchhoff’s Rules
21.4. DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
21.5. Null Measurements
21.6. DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
Glossary
Chapter 22. Magnetism
22.1. Magnets
22.2. Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
22.3. Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
22.4. Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
22.5. Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
22.6. The Hall Effect
22.7. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
22.8. Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
22.9. Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law
22.10. Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
22.11. More Applications of Magnetism
Glossary
Chapter 23. Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies
23.1. Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
23.2. Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
23.3. Motional Emf
23.4. Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
23.5. Electric Generators
23.6. Back Emf
23.7. Transformers
23.8. Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
23.9. Inductance
23.10. RL Circuits
23.11. Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
23.12. RLC Series AC Circuits
Glossary
Chapter 24. Electromagnetic Waves
24.1. Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
24.2. Production of Electromagnetic Waves
24.3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
24.4. Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
Glossary
Chapter 25. Geometric Optics
25.1. The Ray Aspect of Light
25.2. The Law of Reflection
25.3. The Law of Refraction
25.4. Total Internal Reflection
25.5. Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
25.6. Image Formation by Lenses
25.7. Image Formation by Mirrors
Glossary
Chapter 26. Vision and Optical Instruments
26.1. Physics of the Eye
26.2. Vision Correction
26.3. Color and Color Vision
26.4. Microscopes
26.5. Telescopes
26.6. Aberrations
Glossary
Chapter 27. Wave Optics
27.1. The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
27.2. Huygens's Principle: Diffraction
27.3. Young’s Double Slit Experiment
27.4. Multiple Slit Diffraction
27.5. Single Slit Diffraction
27.6. Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
27.7. Thin Film Interference
27.8. Polarization
27.9. Extended Topic Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
Glossary
Chapter 28. Special Relativity
28.1. Einstein’s Postulates
28.2. Simultaneity And Time Dilation
28.3. Length Contraction
28.4. Relativistic Addition of Velocities
28.5. Relativistic Momentum
28.6. Relativistic Energy
Glossary
Chapter 29. Introduction to Quantum Physics
29.1. Quantization of Energy
29.2. The Photoelectric Effect
29.3. Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
29.4. Photon Momentum
29.5. The Particle-Wave Duality
29.6. The Wave Nature of Matter
29.7. Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
29.8. The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
Glossary
Chapter 30. Atomic Physics
30.1. Discovery of the Atom
30.2. Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
30.3. Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4. X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
30.5. Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
30.6. The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
30.7. Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.8. Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.9. The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Glossary
Chapter 31. Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
31.1. Nuclear Radioactivity
31.2. Radiation Detection and Detectors
31.3. Substructure of the Nucleus
31.4. Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
31.5. Half-Life and Activity
31.6. Binding Energy
31.7. Tunneling
Glossary
Chapter 32. Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics
32.1. Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
32.2. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
32.3. Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
32.4. Food Irradiation
32.5. Fusion
32.6. Fission
32.7. Nuclear Weapons
Glossary
Chapter 33. Particle Physics
33.1. The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
33.2. The Four Basic Forces
33.3. Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
33.4. Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
33.5. Quarks: Is That All There Is?
33.6. GUTs: The Unification of Forces
Glossary
Chapter 34. Frontiers of Physics
34.1. Cosmology and Particle Physics
34.2. General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
34.3. Superstrings
34.4. Dark Matter and Closure
34.5. Complexity and Chaos
34.6. High-Temperature Superconductors
34.7. Some Questions We Know to Ask
Glossary
Appendix A. Atomic Masses
Appendix B. Selected Radioactive Isotopes
Appendix C. Useful Information
Appendix D. Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation
Solutions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Index
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