Cognition (6th Edition)

✍ Scribed by Mark H. Ashcraft, Gabriel A. Radvansky

• Publisher: Pearson
• Year: 2013
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 629
• Edition: 6
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Provides a balance between classic research and current topics

The psychology of human memory and cognition is fascinating, dealing with questions and ideas that are inherently interesting; how we think, reason, remember, and use language, to name just a few. Using a first person narrative, Cognition, 6/e poses direct questions to the reader, and balances classic research with cutting edge topics, drawing in the reader and conveying the excitement of the field.

The sixth edition has been updated and expanded upon, with two new chapters – one on cognitive development and the other on cognition and emotion. Reflecting the increasing use of new technologies to study memory and cognition, the authors continue to integrate sections on neurosciences within individual chapter topics.

MyPsychLab is a part of the Ashcraft / Radvansky program. Research and writing tools, including access to academic journals, help students explore Cognition in even greater depth. To provide students with flexibility, students can download the eText to a tablet using the free Pearson eText app.

This text is available in a variety of formats – digital and print. Pearson offers its titles on the devices students love through Pearson’s MyLab products, CourseSmart, Amazon, and more. To learn more about our programs, pricing options and customization, click the Choices tab.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION
Thinking about Thinking
Memory and Cognition Defined
An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology
Anticipations of Psychology
Early Psychology
Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism
Emerging Cognition: The Winds of Change
Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing
Measuring Information Processes
Getting Started
Guiding Analogies
Time and Accuracy Measures
Information Processing and Cognitive Science
The Standard Theory
A Process Model
Revealing Assumptions
Cognitive Science
Themes
Chapter 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Cognitive Neuroscience: The Brain and Cognition Together
Neurons: The Basic Building Blocks
Basic Neurology
Neurons
Neural Communication
Neurons and Learning
Neuroanatomy: Important Parts of the Brain
Brain Anatomy
Principles of Functioning
Split-Brain Research and Lateralization
Cortical Specialization
Levels of Explanation and Embodied Cognition
Neuroimaging: Looking at the Brain
Structural Measures
Electrical Measures
Metabolic Measures
Other Methods
Neural Net Models: Connectionism
Chapter 3 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Visual Sensation and Perception
Gathering Visual Information
Visual Sensory Memory
The Early Parts of a Fixation
A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory
Trans-saccadic Memory
Pattern Recognition
Gestalt Grouping Principles
The Template Approach
Visual Feature Detection
Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern Recognition
Connectionist Modeling
Object Recognition and Agnosia
Recognition by Components
Context and Embodied Perception
Agnosia
Implications for Cognitive Science
Auditory Perception
Auditory Sensory Memory
Auditory Pattern Recognition
Chapter 4 ATTENTION
Multiple Meanings of Attention
Basics of Attention
Basic Input Attentional Processes
Alertness and Arousal
Orienting Reflex and Attention Capture
Spotlight Attention and Visual Search
Contrasting Input and Controlled Attention
Hemineglect: An Attention Deficit
Controlled, Voluntary Attention
Selective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect
Selection Models
Attention as a Mental Resource
Automatic and Conscious Processing
A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity
Disadvantages of Automaticity
Chapter 5 SHORT-TERM WORKING MEMORY
Short-Term Memory: A Limited-Capacity Bottleneck
Short-Term Memory Capacity
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory Retrieval
Serial Position Effects
Short-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task
Working Memory
The Components of Working Memory
The Central Executive
The Phonological Loop
The Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad
The Episodic Buffer
Assessing Working Memory
Dual Task Method
Working Memory Span
Working Memory and Cognition
Working Memory and Attention
Working Memory and Long-Term Memory
Working Memory and Reasoning
Sometimes Small Working Memory Spans Are Better
Overview
Chapter 6 LEARNING AND REMEMBERING
Preliminary Issues
Mnemonics
The Ebbinghaus Tradition
Metamemory
Storing Information in Episodic Memory
Rehearsal
Frequency of Rehearsal
Depth of Processing
Challenges to Depth of Processing
Generation and Enactment
Organization in Storage
Imagery
Context and Encoding Specificity
Retrieving Episodic Information
Decay
Interference
Retrieval Failure
Retrieval Cues
Amnesia and Implicit Memory
Dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory
Anterograde Amnesia
Implicit and Explicit Memory
Chapter 7 KNOWING
Semantic Memory
Semantic Networks
Feature Comparison Models
Tests of Semantic Memory Models
Semantic Relatedness
Connectionism and the Brain
Connectionism
Connectionism and the Brain
Semantic Priming
Nuts and Bolts of Priming Tasks
Empirical Demonstrations of Priming
Automatic and Controlled Priming
Priming Is Implicit
Schemata and Scripts
Bartlett's Research
Schemata
Scripts
Evidence of Scripts
Concepts and Categorization
Theories of Categorization
Chapter 8 USING KNOWLEDGE IN THE REAL WORLD
The Seven Sins of Memory
Facts About the World
The Nature of Propositions
Situation Models and Embodied Cognition
Levels of Representation
Remembering Facts
Metamemory
Source Monitoring
Prospective Memory
Knowing What You Know
False Memories, Eyewitness Memory, and "Forgotten Memories"
False Memories
Integration
Leading Questions and Memory Distortions
The Misinformation Effect
Source Misattribution and Misinformation Acceptance
Stronger Memory Distortion Effects
Repressed and Recovered Memories
Autobiographical Memories
The Bahrick Work
Phenomena of Autobiographical Memory
The Irony of Memory
Chapter 9 LANGUAGE
Linguistic Universals and Functions
Defining Language
Language Universals
Animal Communication
Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Phonology: The Sounds of Language
Sounds in Isolation
Combining Phonemes into Morphemes
Speech Perception and Context
Embodiment in Speech Perception
A Final Puzzle
Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases
Chomsky's Transformational Grammar
Limitations of Transformational Grammar
The Cognitive Role of Syntax
Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language
Morphemes
Lexical Representation
Case Grammar
Interaction of Syntax and Semantics
Evidence for the Semantic Grammar Approaches
Brain and Language
Language in the Intact Brain
Aphasia
Generalizing from Cases of Brain Damage
Chapter 10 COMPREHENSION: WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE
Getting Started: An Overview
Conceptual and Rule Knowledge
Comprehension Research
Online Comprehension Tasks
Metacomprehension
Comprehension as Mental Structure Building
Levels of Comprehension
Reading
Gaze Duration
Basic Online Reading Effects
A Model of Reading
Summary
Reference, Situation Models, and Events
Reference
Situation Models
Events
Conversation and Gesture
The Structure of Conversations
Cognitive Conversational Characteristics
Empirical Effects in Conversation
Gesture
Chapter 11 DECISIONS, JUDGMENTS, AND REASONING
Formal Logic and Reasoning
Syllogisms
Conditional Reasoning: If P Then Q
Hypothesis Testing
Decisions
Decisions about Physical Differences
Decisions about Symbolic Differences
Decisions about Geographical Distances
Decisions and Reasoning under Uncertainty
Algorithms and Heuristics
Heuristics, Biases, and Fallacies
The Representativeness Heuristic
The Availability Heuristic
The Simulation Heuristic
The Undoing Heuristic: Counterfactual Reasoning
Adaptive Thinking and "Fast, Frugal" Heuristics
The Ongoing Debate
Limitations in Reasoning
Limited Domain Knowledge
Limitations in Processing Resources
Appendix: Algorithms for Coin Tosses and Hospital Births
Coin Tosses
Hospital Births
Chapter 12 PROBLEM SOLVING
Studying Problem Solving
Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving
Early Gestalt Research
Difficulties in Problem Solving
Insight and Analogy
Insight
Analogy
Neurocognition in Analogy and Insight
Basics of Problem Solving
Characteristics of Problem Solving
A Vocabulary of Problem Solving
Means–End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic
The Basics of Means–End Analysis
The Tower of Hanoi
General Problem Solver
Improving Your Problem Solving
Increase Your Domain Knowledge
Automate Some Components of the Problem-Solving Solution
Follow a Systematic Plan
Draw Inferences
Develop Subgoals
Work Backward
Search for Contradictions
Search for Relations among Problems
Find a Different Problem Representation
If All Else Fails, Try Practice
Chapter 13 COGNITION AND EMOTION
What Is Emotion?
Types of Emotion
Neurological Underpinnings
Emotion, Perception, and Attention
Perception
Emotional Guidance of Attention
Visual Search
Emotional Stroop
Emotion and Self-Control
Emotion and Memory
Making Memory Better
Making Memory Worse
Emotion and Language
Prosody
Words and Situations
Emotion and Decision Making
Stress Impairs Performance
Stress Improves Performance
Chapter 14 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A Lifespan Perspective
Infants and Children
Neurological Changes
Perception and Attention
Memory
Language
Decision Making and Problem Solving
Piaget
Other Approaches
Older Adults
Neurological Changes
Perception and Attention
Memory
Language
Decision Making and Problem Solving
Aging and Emotion
References
Credits
Name Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Subject Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z