Coatings Technology Handbook

✍ Scribed by Arthur A. Tracton

• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 930
• Edition: 3
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Completely revised and updated, the Coatings Technology Handbook, Third Edition supplies a broad cross-index of the different aspects involved in the discipline.
Containing 14 new chapters, the book covers the composition of both organic and inorganic resins, pigments or fillers, and additives, from polymeric fluorocarbons to water borne, solvent-borne, and one hundred percent non-volatile compounds. It examines the testing of raw materials and products and shows dyes used in inks with formulation data. This edition includes a new chapter on specialty pigments for high temperature unique to this book, a chapter on statistical experimentation, a chapter on regulations, and a chapter on formulations with a spreadsheet of formulation calculations. This resource expands your awareness and knowledge of coatings, inks, and adhesives, aids you in problem solving, and increases your level of familiarity with the technology.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Preface to Third Edition
Contributors
Contents
I
Fundamentals and Testing
1
Rheology and Surface Chemistry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Rheology
1.2.1 Types of Viscosity Behavior
1.2.1.1 Plasticity
1.2.1.2 Pseudoplasticity
1.2.2 Temperature Effects
1.2.3 Solvent Effects
1.2.4 Viscosity Measurement
1.2.5 Yield Value
1.3 Surface Chemistry
1.3.1 Surface Tension
1.3.2 Measuring Surface Tension
1.3.3 Wetting
1.3.4 Surfactants
1.3.5 Leveling
1.4 Summary
References
Bibliography
2
Coating Rheology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions and Measurement Techniques
2.2.1 Surface Tension
2.2.2 Viscosity
2.2.3 Thixotropy
2.2.4 Dilatancy
2.2.5 Yield Stress
2.2.6 Elasticity
2.3 Rheological Phenomena in Coating
2.3.1 Wetting
2.3.2 Coalescence
2.3.3 Sagging and Slumping
2.3.4 Leveling
2.3.5 Viscosity Changes after Application
2.3.6 Edge and Corner Effects
2.3.7 Depressions: Bernard Cells and Craters
Acknowledgments
References
3
Leveling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Yield Value
3.3 Leveling and Viscosity
3.3.1 Thixotropy
3.4 Leveling and Surface Tension
3.5 Leveling of Brush and Striation Marks
References
Bibliography
4
Structure-Property Relationships in Polymers
4.1 Structural Parameters
4.1.1 Molecular-Weight Averages
4.1.2 Molecular Weight Between Cross-Links
4.1.3 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution
4.2 Properties of Wet Coatings
4.2.1 Viscosity of Polymer Solutions
4.2.1.1 Dependence on Molecular Weight
4.2.1.2 Concentration Dependence of the Viscosity
4.2.2 Viscosity of Suspensions
4.2.2.1 Concentration Dependence of the Viscosity
4.3 Properties of Dried Films
4.3.1 The Glass Transition Temperature
4.3.2 Tensile and Shear Moduli
4.3.3 Other Properties
References
5
The Theory of Adhesion
5.1 Contact Angle Equilibrium
5.2 Forces of Attraction
5.3 Real and Ideal Adhesive Bond Strengths
References
6
Adhesion Testing
6.1 Fundamentals of Adhesion
6.1.1 Components at the Interface
6.1.2 Causes of Failure
6.1.3 Measures of Adhesion
6.2 Standardization of Adhesion Tests
6.2.1 Cross-Cut Test
6.2.2 Tensile Methods
6.3 Delamination Procedures
6.3.1 Knife-Cutting Method
6.3.2 Peel Test
6.3.3 Blister Method
6.4 Local Debonding Systems
6.4.1 Scratch Technique
6.4.2 Indentation Debonding
6.4.3 Impact Tests
6.5 Flaw Detection Methods
6.5.1 Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo System
6.5.2 Acoustic Emission Analysis
6.5.3 Thermographic Detection of Defects
6.6 Outlook
References
7
Coating Calculations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Resins
7.3 Pigments
7.4 Solvents
7.5 Additives
7.6 Conventions
7.7 Calculations
7.7.1 Formulation Weight
7.7.2 Formulation Volume
7.7.3 Formulation Density
7.7.4 Formulation of “Nonvolatile by Weight”
7.7.5 Formulation “Nonvolatile by Volume”
7.7.6 Pigment to Binder Ratio (Weight)
7.7.7 Pigment Volume Content (Volume)
7.8 Converting to a 100 Gallon Formulation
7.9 Cost
7.10 Coverage
7.11 Computer Use
Bibliography
8
Infrared Spectroscopy of Coatings
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Principles
8.3 Instrumentation
8.3.1 Infrared Microscopy
8.3.2 Imaging
8.4 Data Collection
8.4.1 Separation
8.4.2 Transmission Spectra
8.4.3 Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)
8.4.4 Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and Depth Profiling
8.4.5 Other Sampling Methods
8.5 Data Interpretation
8.6 Applications
References
9
Thermal Analysis for Coatings Characterizations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristics
9.3 Techniques
9.4 Applications
Bibliography
10
Color Measurement for the Coatings Industry
Bibliography
11
The Use of X-ray Fluorescence for Coat Weight Determinations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Technique
11.3 Method
11.4 Accuracy
11.5 Repeatability and Reproducibility
11.6 Conclusion
12
Sunlight, Ultraviolet, and Accelerated Weathering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sunlight
12.2.1 Variability of Sunlight
12.3 Accelerated Light Sources Compared to Sunlight
12.3.1 The Importance of Short-Wavelength Cutoff
12.4 Arc-Type Light Sources
12.4.1 Enclosed Carbon Arc (ASTM G 153)
12.4.2 Sunshine Carbon Arc (Open Flame Carbon Arc: ASTM G 152)
12.4.3 Xenon Arc (ASTM G 155)
12.4.3.1 Effect of Xenon Filters
12.4.3.2 Xenon Arc Moisture
12.4.3.3 Effect of Irradiance Setting
12.5 Fluorescent UV Lamps
12.5.1 FS-40 Lamps (F40-UVB) (ASTM G 154)
12.5.2 UVB-313 Lamp (ASTM G 154)
12.5.3 UVA-340 Lamp (ASTM G 154)
12.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13
Cure Monitoring: Microdielectric Techniques
13.1 The Dielectric Response
13.2 Changes In Resistivity During Cure
13.2.1 Process Control through Dielectric Feedback
13.2.2 Process Control through Dielectric-Thermal Feedback
13.3 Summary
References
14
Test Panels
14.1 Cold Rolled Steel Panels
14.1.1 Surface Profile
14.1.2 Surface Carbon
14.1.3 Surface Preparation
14.1.4 Applications
14.2 Aluminum Panels
14.2.1 Surface Finish
14.2.2 Pretreatment
14.2.3 Applications
14.3 Zinc-Coated Steel Panels
14.3.1 Surface Preparation
14.4 Handling and Storage of Test Panels
Bibliography
15
Design of Experiments for Coatings
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Standard Two-Level Factorial Designs
15.2.1 Case study - Screening Factors thought to Affect a Spin Coater
15.3 Optimization via Response Surface Methods (RSMs)
15.4 Mixture Designs for Optimal Formulation
References
16
Top 10 Reasons Not to Base Service Life Predictions upon Accelerated Lab Light Stability Tests
16.1 Light Spectra
16.1.1 Fluorescent Lamps
16.1.2 Xenon Arc Lamps
16.2 Light Intensity
16.3 Temperature Sensitivity of Materials
16.3.1 Standard Temperature
16.3.2 Humidity
16.3.3 Dark Stability
16.3.4 Linearity of Degradation
16.3.5 Reciprocity Failure
16.4 Gas (Ozone) Fading
16.5 Catalytic Fading
16.6 Lux versus UV
16.7 Light Stability Testing Standards
16.8 Conclusion
References
17
Under What Regulation?
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Code of Federal Regulations
17.3 Title 29 (Labor)
17.4 Protection
17.5 Biocides
17.6 Testing
17.7 Volatile Organic Substances (VOCs)
17.8 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
17.9 Which Regulation?
II
Coating and Processing Techniques
18
Wire-Wound Rod Coating
18.1 Introduction
18.2 History
18.3 Theory and Principle
18.4 Film Thickness
18.5 The Rod Coating Station
18.5.1 Rod Station Variations
18.6 Advantages and Disadvantages
18.6.1 Low Cost
18.6.2 Precise Coat Weights
18.6.3 Lower Setup Cost
18.6.4 Less Edge Wear
18.6.5 Limitations
19
Slot Die Coating for Low Viscosity Fluids
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Manifold Theory and Design
19.3 Air Entrapment
19.4 Lip Design
19.4.1 Lip Adjustment Design
19.4.2 Lip Wiping Face Design
19.5 Die Adjustment as It Relates to Manifold Design
19.6 Coat Weight Adjustment
19.7 Adhesive Selection
19.8 Die Steel and Piping Selection
19.9 Proximity versus Contact Coating
19.10 Die Positioning
19.10.1 Slot Head-to-Roll Position and Angle of Contact
19.10.2 Lip Profiling
19.10.3 Die Support Design and Operation
19.10.4 Support and Adjustment System Design Specifications
19.10.5 Die-to-Roll Positioning
19.10.6 Angle of Attack Position Adjustment
19.10.7 Lip Opening Setup
19.10.8 Die-to-Roll Gap Setup
19.11 Backup Roll Design
19.12 Automatic Control
19.12.1 Die Control
19.12.2 Die-to-Roll Position Adjustment System
19.13 Deckling
19.13.1 Air Entrapment behind Deckling
19.14 Die Cleanup
20
Extrusion Coating with Acid Copolymers and Lonomers
20.1 Product Considerations
20.2 End-Use Considerations
20.2.1 Foil Adhesion
20.2.2 Heat Seal Characteristics
20.3 Processing Conditions
20.3.1 Melt Temperatures
20.3.2 Other Considerations
21
Porous Roll Coater
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Extrusion Porous Roll System
21.2.1 Development
21.2.2 Details and Disadvantages
22
Rotary Screen Coating
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Equipment
22.3 Products
22.3.1 Pattern-Type Coatings
22.3.2 Dot Coating
22.3.3 Overall Paste Coatings
22.3.4 Foam Coatings
22.4 Advantages
23
Screen Printing
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Geometry of the Printing Screen
23.2.1 The Rotary Screen
23.3 The Stencil
23.4 Dynamics of the Squeegee
23.5 Coating Transfer
23.6 Converting the Applied Coating
23.7 Conclusion
References
24
Flexography
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Historical Development of the Aniline and Flexographic Printing Process
24.1.2 The Flexo Process
24.2 Flexo Press Systems
24.2.1 End Printers
24.2.2 Stack Presses
24.2.3 In-Line Systems
24.2.4 Central Impression Machines
24.3 The Most Important Flexo Deck System
24.3.1 Three-Roller System (Fountain Roller Color Deck)
24.3.2 Two-Roller or Fountainless Printing Deck
24.4 Printing Forms or Plates
24.4.1 Rubber and Photopolymer Plate Making
24.4.2 Printing Plate Mounting and Proofing
24.5 Print Substrates and Printing Inks
24.5.1 Print Substrates
24.5.2 Flexo Inks
25
Ink-Jet Printing
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Continuous Jet Printing
25.3 Impulse Jet (Drop-On-Demand) Printing
25.4 Ink-Jet Inks
Bibliography
26
Electrodeposition of Polymers
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Advantages
26.3 History
26.4 Process
26.4.1 Throwing Power
26.4.2 Maintaining a Steady State
26.4.3 Rupture Voltage
26.5 Equipment
26.5.1 Conveyors
26.5.2 Metal Preparation
26.5.3 Tank Enclosures
26.5.4 Dip Tanks
26.5.5 Rectifiers
26.5.6 Counterelectrodes
26.5.7 Agitation
26.5.8 Temperature Control
26.5.9 Ultrafilter
26.5.10 Paint Filters
26.5.11 Paint Makeup
26.5.12 Deionized Water
26.5.13 Bake or Cure
26.6 Laboratory
References
Bibliography
27
Electroless Plating
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Plating Systems
27.3 Electroless Plating Solutions
27.3.1 Deposition Rate
27.3.2 Solution Life
27.3.3 Reducing Agent Efficiency Factor
27.3.4 Solution Sensitivity to Activation
27.4 Practical Applications2-4
27.5 Mechanisms of Autocatalytic Metal Ion Reduction
27.6 Stability of Plating Solutions
27.7 Electroless Plating
27.7.1 Copper Deposition
27.7.2 Nickel Plating
27.7.3 Cobalt, Iron, and Tin Plating
27.7.4 Deposition of Precious Metals
27.7.5 Deposition of Metal Alloys
27.8 Properties of Chemically Deposited Metal Coatings
References
28
The Electrolizing Thin, Dense, Chromium Process
28.1 General Definition
28.2 Applications
28.2.1 General
28.2.2 Specific
28.3 Surface Preparation
28.4 Solution
28.5 Properties
28.5.1 Thickness
28.5.2 Adhesion
28.5.3 Corrosion
28.5.4 Wear Resistance (Surface Hardness)
28.5.5 Lubricity
28.5.6 Conformity
28.5.7 Heat Resistance
28.5.8 Brightness
28.5.9 Hydrogen Embrittlement
29
The Armoloy Chromium Process
29.1 General Definition
29.2 Applications
29.2.1 General Applications
29.2.2 Specific Applications
29.3 Surface Preparation
29.4 Properties
29.4.1 Thickness
29.4.2 Adhesion
29.4.3 Corrosion
29.4.4 Wear Resistance
29.4.5 Lubricity
29.4.6 Conformity
29.4.7 Heat Resistance
29.4.8 Brightness
29.4.9 Hydrogen Embrittlement
30
Sputtered Thin Film Coatings
30.1 History
30.2 General Principles of Sputtering
30.3 Sputter Deposition Sources
30.3.1 Direct Current Diode Sputtering
30.3.2 Triode Sputtering
30.3.3 Radio Frequency Sputtering
30.3.4 Magnetron Sputtering
30.3.4.1 Planar Magnetron
30.3.4.2 Cylindrical Magnetron
30.3.4.3 Ring or Gun Magnetron
30.3.5 Beam Sputtering
30.3.6 Reactive Sputtering
30.4 Other Process Considerations
30.5 Properties of Sputtered Thin Film Coatings
30.6 Thin Film Materials
30.7 Applications for Sputtered Thin Films
30.7.1 Electrical
30.7.2 Magnetic
30.7.3 Optical
30.7.4 Mechanical
30.7.5 Chemical
30.7.6 Decorative
30.8 Additional Resources
Bibliography
31
Vapor Deposition Coating Technologies
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Physical Vapor Deposition
31.2.1 Thermal Evaporation
31.2.2 Electron Beam Evaporation
31.2.3 Sputter Deposition in Plasma
31.2.3.1 Diode Plasmas
31.2.3.2 Magnetically Enhanced Plasmas
31.2.3.3 Unbalanced Magnetron Deposition
31.2.4 Reactive Sputter Deposition
31.2.5 Cathodic Arc Deposition
31.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
31.3.1 Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
31.3.2 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD)
31.4 Decorative and Barrier Coatings
31.4.1 Decorative Coatings
31.4.2 Barrier Coatings
31.5 Conclusions
References
32
Cathodic Arc Plasma Deposition
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Cathodic Arc Plasma Deposition Process
32.3 Cathodic Arc Sources
32.4 Cathodic Arc Emission Characteristics
32.5 Microdroplets
32.6 Recent Developments
References
33
Industrial Diamond and Diamondlike Films
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Diamond and Diamondlike Films
33.3 Film Deposition Techniques
33.3.1 Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (PACVD) Techniques
33.3.2 Ion Beam Enhanced Deposition (DIOND)
33.4 Diamond and Diamondlike Film Properties
33.5 Potential Applications
References
34
Tribological Synergistic Coatings
34.1 Introduction
34.2 What Are Synergistic Coatings?
34.3 Wear Testing
34.4 Coating Families
34.4.1 Polymer Coatings (Lectrofluor)
34.4.2 Magnesium (Magnadize) and Titanium (Canadize)
34.4.3 Titanium Nitride (Magnagold)
35
Chemical Vapor Deposition
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Process
35.3 Applications
35.4 Summary
Bibliography
36
Solvent Vapor Emission Control
36.1 Regulatory Background
36.2 Alternative Control Processes for Volatile Organic Compounds
36.2.1 Safety
36.2.2 Operating Costs
36.3 Vapor Oxidation
36.4 Solvent Recovery
36.4.1 Carbon Adsorption
36.4.2 Direct Vapor Condensation
37
Surface Treatment of Plastics
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Functions of Surface Preparation
37.2.1 Removal of Contamination
37.2.2 Control of Surface Roughness
37.2.3 Matching of Surface to Adhesive
37.2.4 Providing a Boundary Layer
37.2.5 Control of Oxide Formation
37.2.6 Control of Absorbed Water
37.3 Factors Impacting Preparation Intensity
37.3.1 Type of Plastic
37.3.2 Surface Contamination
37.3.3 Initial and Ultimate Strength Requirements
37.3.4 Service Environment
37.3.5 Time
37.3.6 Component Size
37.3.7 Cost
37.4 Surface Preparation Techniques
37.4.1 Solvent Cleaning
37.4.2 Detergent Cleaning
37.4.3 Mechanical Treatment
37.4.4 Chemical Treatment
37.4.4.1 Sulfuric Acid-Dichromate Etch
37.4.4.2 Sodium Etch
37.4.4.3 Sodium Hydroxide
37.4.4.4 Satinizing
37.4.4.5 Phenol
37.4.4.6 Sodium Hypochlorite
37.4.5 Other Treatments
37.4.5.1 Primers
37.4.5.2 Flame Treatment
37.4.5.3 Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation
37.4.5.4 Drying
37.4.5.5 Plasma Treatment
37.4.5.6 Corona Discharge
37.5 Evaluation of Surface Preparation
Bibliography
38
Flame Surface Treatment
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Surface Treatment
38.3 Burners
38.3.1 Atmospheric Burners
38.3.2 Power Burners
38.4 Film Treatment
39
Plasma Surface Treatment
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Types of Plasma
39.3 A Typical Plasma Process Cycle
39.4 Plasma Chemistry
39.5 Surface Treatment Approaches
39.6 Plasma Activation of Plastics
39.7 Adhesion
39.8 Summary
References
40
Surface Pretreatment of Polymer Webs by Fluorine
40.1 Introduction
40.2 The Fluorination Process
40.2.1 Fluorine
40.2.2 Plant for Continuous Surface Fluorination
40.2.3 Safety Precautions
40.3 Pretreatment with Fluorine: Application Examples
40.3.1 Polyethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Foam
40.3.2 Plastic Sheeting
40.3.3 Air Cushion Sheeting
40.3.4 Terpolymer Rubber
40.4 Advantages of Surface Pretreatment with Fluorine
40.5 Summary
References
41
Calendering of Magnetic Media
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Calendering Magnetic Media Products
41.3 Calender Design
References
42
Embossing
42.1 General
42.2 Thermoplastic Webs
42.2.1 Embossing Machines for Thermoplastic Webs
42.3 Nonthermoplastic Embossing
43
In-Mold Finishing
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Process
43.2.1 Laminates
43.2.2 Foiling
43.2.3 New Materials
43.3 Conclusion
44
HVLP: The Science of High-Volume, Low-Pressure Finishing
44.1 The Principles behind HVLP
44.2 The Benefits of HVLP
44.3 HVLP versus Conventional Air Spray
44.4 HVLP versus Airless and Air-Assist/Airless
44.5 HVLP versus LVLP
44.6 Compliant Technologies: HVLP and Electrostatic
44.7 Components of an HVLP System
44.8 Differences between HVLP Systems
44.9 Operating an HVLP System
44.10 The Use of Air Cap Test Kits
45
A Practical Guide to High-Speed Dispersion
45.1 What Is a Disperser?
45.2 How Does It Work?
45.3 What Is the Difference between a Disperser and an Agitator?
45.4 When Do I Need to Use a Disperser rather than an Agitator?
45.5 What Are the Limitations of a Disperser?
45.6 What Different Types of Dispersers Are Available, and What Type Is Best for Me?
45.7 How Do I Select the Proper Size Disperser?
45.8 How Do I Select the Proper Size Tank for My Disperser?
45.9 How Do I Select the Proper Size Blade for My Disperser?
45.9.1 How Do I Know When It Is Time to Replace My Blade?
45.9.2 What Type of Blade Works Best on My Disperser?
45.10 What Other Factors Affect the Performance of My Disperser?
45.11 How Do I Operate My Disperser for Optimum Performance?
45.12 What Safety Measures Must I Follow and Why?
III
Materials
46
Acrylic Polymers
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Chemistry and Manufacture
46.2.1 Monomers
46.2.2 Polymerization Methods
46.2.2.1 Bulk Polymerization
46.2.2.2 Solution Polymerization
46.2.2.3 Suspension Polymerization
46.2.2.4 Emulsion Polymerization
46.3 Versatility of Acrylics
46.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature
46.3.2 Emulsion Acrylics
46.3.2.1 Physical Properties
46.3.2.2 Minimum Film Forming Temperature
46.4 Application Areas
46.4.1 Coatings
46.4.1.1 Automotive
46.4.1.2 Coatings for Metal
46.4.1.3 Maintenance Coatings
46.4.1.4 Wood Coatings
46.4.1.5 Business Machines
46.4.2 Adhesives
46.4.2.1 Heat-Sealable Adhesives
46.4.2.2 Laminating Adhesives
46.4.2.3 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
46.4.3 Inks
46.5 Coating Techniques
46.5.1 Gravure Coaters
46.5.2 Flexographic Coaters
46.5.3 Wire-Wound Rod Coaters
46.5.4 Knife over Roll Coaters
46.5.5 Reverse Roll Coaters
References
47
Vinyl Ether Polymers
47.1 General
47.2 Monomers
47.3 Production of Polymers
47.4 Products on the Market
47.5 Properties
47.6 Applications
Bibliography
48
Poly(Styrene-Butadiene)
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Emulsion Polymerization
48.3 Characteristics of Styrene-Butadiene Latex
48.4 Uses
Bibliography
49
Liquid Polymers for Coatings
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Fluid Properties
49.3 Commercial Liquid Polymers
49.3.1 Polymers with Random Functionality
49.3.2 Telechelic Polymers
49.3.3 Curing
49.4 Applications
49.5 Conclusions
References
50
Polyesters
50.1 Introduction and Scope
50.2 Classification of Saturated Polyesters
50.3 Manufacturing Processes
50.3.1 Reaction Components
50.3.2 Technical Manufacturing Processes
50.4 Properties of Polyesters
50.4.1 Morphology
50.4.2 Solubility
50.4.3 Molecular Weight Distribution
50.4.4 Functionality and Reactivity
50.4.5 Transition Temperatures
50.4.6 Compatibility of Polyesters
50.4.7 Chemical Properties
50.5 Analytical Procedures
50.6 Preparation of Polyester Coatings20
50.6.1 Solvent-Borne Polyester Coating20
50.6.2 High Solids Paints
50.6.3 Waterborne Paints
50.6.4 Solvent-Free Coatings
50.7 Properties and Applications of Polyester Coatings
50.7.1 Sheet and Coil Coatings
50.7.2 Can Coating
50.7.3 Automotive Paints
50.7.4 Industrial Paints
50.7.5 Two-Component Paints
50.7.6 Powder Coating
50.7.7 Radiation-Curable Coatings
50.7.8 Adhesives
References
51
Alkyd Resins
51.1 Classification
51.1.1 Oil Length and Type of Oil
51.1.2 Percentage of Phthalic Anhydride
51.1.3 Acid Value and Hydroxyl Number
51.2 Principle of Alkyd Synthesis
51.3 Functionality and Prediction for Gel Point
51.3.1 Actual Functionality
51.3.2 Gel Point
51.3.3 Alkyd Calculations
51.4 Raw Materials
51.4.1 Polybasic Acids
51.4.2 Polyols
51.4.3 Fatty Acids and Oils
51.5 Manufacturing Process
51.5.1 Fusion Method versus Solvent Method
51.5.2 Monoglyceride versus Fatty Acid Process
51.6 Alkyds for Reduced Solvent Emission
51.6.1 High Solids Coatings
51.6.2 Emulsion-Based Coatings
51.6.3 Powder Coatings
51.7 Modified Alkyds
51.7.1 Polyamide Modification
51.7.2 Vinyl Modification
51.7.3 Other Modifications
51.8 Uses
References
52
The Polyurea Revolution: Protective Coatings for the 21st Century
52.1 History
52.2 Polyureas versus Polyurethanes/Chemistry
52.3 Application Characteristics
52.4 General Performance
52.5 Weathering Characteristics
52.6 Chemical, Water, and Corrosion Resistance
52.7 Safety
52.8 Conclusion
53
Phenolic Resins
53.1 Rigid Packaging
53.2 Maintenance Primers
53.3 Printing Inks
53.4 Epoxy Hardeners
53.5 Summary
References
54
Coal Tar and Asphalt Coatings
54.1 Coal Tar Types
54.2 Asphaltic Types
Bibliography
55
Vulcanizate Thermoplastic Elastomers
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Properties
55.3 Processing
55.4 Uses of TPV
56
Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Properties
56.2.1 Limitations of TPOE Compounds
56.3 Usage
56.3.1 Coating Applications
56.3.2 Primer Systems
57
Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) Resins
57.1 Polymer
57.2 Barrier Properties
57.3 Regulatory Approval
57.4 Fabrication Methods
58
Elastomeric Alloy Thermoplastic Elastomers
58.1 Properties
58.2 Processing
58.3 Uses of Elastomeric Alloys
59
Polyvinyl Chloride and Its Copolymers in Plastisol Coatings
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Formulation
59.2.1 Resins
59.2.2 Plasticizers
59.2.3 Solvents
59.2.4 Other Additives
59.3 Plastisol Manufacturing Procedures
59.3.1 Equipment
59.3.2 Quality Control
59.3.3 Coating Application
59.3.4 Continuous Thin Film Applications
60
Polyvinyl Acetal Resins
60.1 Chemistry and Manufacture
60.2 Availability, Economics
60.3 Properties
60.3.1 Reactivity and Compatibility
60.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties
60.3.3 Solution Viscosity
60.3.4 Plasticizers
60.3.5 Toxicology
60.4 Surface Coating Applications
60.4.1 Polyvinyl Butyral2,8
60.4.2 Polyvinyl Butyral Dispersions
60.4.3 Polyvinyl Formal2,8
References
61
Polyimides
61.1 Chemistry and Properties
61.2 Uses
61.3 Commercial Information
Bibliography
62
Parylene Coating
62.1 Process
62.2 Properties
62.3 Applications
References
63
Nitrocellulose
63.1 Preparation
63.1.1 Degree of Substitution
63.1.2 Degree of Polymerization
63.1.3 Types and Grades
63.2 Solubility
63.2.1 Solvents and Diluents
63.2.2 Viscosity Effects
63.2.3 Blushing
63.2.4 Solution Preparation
63.3 Film Properties
63.3.1 Plasticizers
63.3.2 Resins
63.3.3 Cross-Linkable Coating Systems
63.3.4 Safety Considerations
Appendix: Typical Properties of RS Nitrocellulose
64
Soybean, Blood, and Casein Glues
64.1 Soybean Glues1-8
64.1.1 Preparation
64.1.2 Wood Glues
64.1.3 Blends
64.2 Blood Glues4,6,9-13
64.2.1 Preparation
64.2.2 Formulation
64.3 Casein Glues9,14-19
64.3.1 Preparation
64.3.2 Formulation
References
65
Fish Gelatin and Fish Glue
65.1 Introduction
65.2 Properties
65.3 Applications
65.3.1 Remoistenable Coatings: Gummed Tape
65.3.2 Photoresists for Photochemical Machining
65.3.3 Dyed Patterns on Glass
65.3.4 Ceramic Stencils
65.3.5 Electrical Insulators
65.3.6 Temporary Protective Coatings
65.3.7 Plating Release Agents
65.3.8 Fish Gelatin in Photographic Coatings
65.3.9 Gelatin Capsules
65.4 Conclusion
References
66
Waxes
66.1 Introduction
66.2 Definition
66.3 Types
66.3.1 Animal Waxes
66.3.1.1 Fatty Acids
66.3.1.2 Beeswax
66.3.2 Vegetable Sources
66.3.2.1 Leaf Waxes
66.3.2.2 Stem Waxes
66.3.2.3 Berry or Fruit Waxes
66.3.3 Mineral Waxes
66.3.3.1 Paraffins
66.3.3.2 Microcrystalline Waxes
66.3.3.3 Montan Waxes
66.3.4 Synthetic Waxes
66.3.4.1 Polyethylene and Polypropylene Waxes
66.3.4.2 Modified Montan Waxes
66.3.4.3 Miscellaneous Synthetic Waxes
66.4 Coating Applications
66.4.1 Mechanism
66.4.2 Property Enhancement
66.4.2.1 Gloss
66.4.2.2 Matting
66.4.2.3 Slip
66.4.2.4 Abrasion Resistance
66.4.2.5 Antiblocking
66.4.2.6 Antisettling/Antisagging Agents
66.4.3 Incorporation Methods
66.4.3.1 Wax Compounds
66.4.3.2 Micronized Powders
66.4.3.3 Milling
66.4.3.4 Emulsification
References
67
Carboxymethylcellulose
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Coating Application
67.3 Coating Formulation
References
68
Hydroxyethylcellulose
68.1 Introduction
68.2 Chemical Composition of Hydroxyethylcellulose
68.3 Types and Grades of Hydroxyethylcellulose
68.4 Chemical and Physical Properties of Hydroxyethylcellulose
68.5 Incorporating Hydroxyethylcellulose into Latex Paints
68.6 Application Properties of Latex Paints Thickened with Hydroxyethylcellulose
68.6.1 Leveling and Sag Resistance
68.6.2 Film Build
68.6.3 Spatter Resistance
Reference
69
Antistatic and Conductive Additives
69.1 Conductivity Additives for Spray Paints
69.2 Antistatic Additives for Plastic Materials
References
70
Silane Adhesion Promoters
References
71
Chromium Complexes
71.1 Introduction
71.2 Manufacture
71.3 Methacrylic Acid Types
71.4 End Uses
71.4.1 Release
71.4.1.1 Bakery Liners
71.4.1.2 Decorative Laminates
71.4.1.3 Vinyl Casting
71.4.2 Water Resistance
71.4.3 Grease Resistance
71.5 Application Methods
71.6 Governmental and Other Regulations
72
Nonmetallic Fatty Chemicals as Internal Mold Release Agents in Polymers
72.1 Introduction
72.2 Test Procedure
72.3 Experimental
72.4 Results
72.4.1 Results
72.4.1.1 Acrylobutyl Nitrile
72.4.1.2 Acetal
72.4.1.3 Polybutylene Terephthalate
72.4.2 Polyolefins
72.4.2.1 Polypropylene
72.4.2.2 High-Density Polyethylene
72.4.2.3 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene
72.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
73
Organic Peroxides
73.1 Introduction
73.2 Types and Properties
73.2.1 Peroxide Selection
73.2.2 Radical Types
73.3 Application in Coatings
73.4 Safety Factors and Producers
73.5 Future Trends
References
74
Surfactants for Waterborne Coatings Applications
74.1 Introduction
74.2 Chemistry
74.3 Theory
74.4 Foam Control
74.5 Wetting
74.6 Conclusion
75
Surfactants, Dispersants, and Defoamers for the Coatings, Inks, and Adhesives Industries
75.1 Introduction
75.2 Wetting and Dispersing Process
75.2.1 The Wetting and Dispersing Process
75.2.2 Waterborne Systems
75.2.2.1 Wetting Additives for Waterborne Systems
75.2.2.2 Dispersing Additives for Waterborne Systems
75.2.3 Solvent-Based Systems
75.2.4 Classification
75.2.4.1 Deflocculating Additives
75.2.4.2 Controlled Flocculation Additives
75.2.5 Summary
75.3 Silicones and Surface Flow Control Agents
75.3.1 Background
75.3.2 Chemical Structure of “Silicones”
75.3.3 Surface Phenomena and the Elimination of Defects
75.3.3.1 Craters
75.3.3.2 Elimination of Bénard Cells
75.3.3.3 Slip Improvement
75.3.3.4 Mobility of Siloxanes/Intercoat Adhesion
75.3.3.5 Surface Tension Reduction for Substrate Wetting
75.3.3.6 Controlled Incompatibility
75.3.4 Summary
75.4 Defoaming Additives
75.4.1 The Nature of Foam
75.4.2 Defoamers versus Air Release Agents
75.4.3 The Mechanisms of Defoaming and Air Release
75.4.4 Defoamers for Aqueous Systems
75.4.5 Defoamers for Solvent-Based Systems
75.4.6 Selection Criteria and Test Methods
75.4.7 Summary
75.5 Conclusion
References
76
Pigment Dispersion
76.1 Introduction
76.2 A Brief Introduction to Pigments
76.2.1 Pigment Definition
76.2.2 Pigment Particles
76.3 The Dispersion Process
76.3.1 Pigment Wetting
76.3.2 Particle Deaggregation and Deagglomeration
76.3.3 Dispersion Stabilization
76.4 The Role of Surface Energy
76.4.1 Surface Energy and Surface Area
76.4.2 Surface Energy and Pigment Wetting
76.4.3 Surface Energy and Destabilization of the Dispersion
76.4.4 Surface Energy and the Acid-Base Concept
76.5 Mechanisms for the Stabilization of Dispersion
76.5.1 Charge Stabilization
76.5.2 Steric or Entropic Stabilization
76.6 Surface Treatment
76.6.1 Surfactants
76.6.2 Polymeric Dispersants
76.6.3 Surface Modifying Agents
76.7 Surface Treatment during Pigment Manufacture
76.8 Surface Treatment of Pigments: Application
76.8.1 Organic Pigments
76.8.2 Inorganic Pigments
76.9 The Characterization and Assessment of Dispersion
76.10 Conclusion
References
77
Colored Inorganic Pigments
77.1 The Colour Index System
77.2 Pigment Selection
77.3 Inorganic Blues
77.3.1 Iron Blue
77.3.2 Cobalt Blue
77.3.3 Ultramarine Blue
77.3.4 Cobalt Chromate
77.4 Inorganic Browns
77.4.1 Natural Iron Oxides
77.4.2 Iron Oxide Browns
77.4.3 Mixed Metal Oxide Browns
77.5 Inorganic Greens
77.5.1 Chrome Green
77.5.2 Chromium Oxide Green
77.5.3 Hydrated Chromium Oxide Green
77.5.4 Mixed Metal Oxide Greens
77.6 Inorganic Oranges
77.6.1 Cadmium Orange
77.6.2 Chrome Orange
77.6.3 Cadmium Mercury Orange
77.7 Inorganic Reds
77.7.1 Iron Oxide Reds
77.7.2 Molybdate Orange
77.7.3 Cadmium Red
77.7.4 Mercury Cadmium Red
77.8 Inorganic Violets
77.8.1 Ultramarine Violet
77.8.2 Manganese Violet
77.8.3 Mixed Metal Oxide Violets
77.9 Inorganic Yellows
77.9.1 Strontium Yellow
77.9.2 Primrose Chrome Yellow
77.9.3 Cadmium Zinc Yellow
77.9.4 Zinc Chromate
77.9.5 Cadmium Sulfide Yellow
77.9.6 Iron Oxide Yellows
77.9.7 Mixed Metal Oxide Yellows
77.9.8 Bismuth Vanadate/Molybdate Yellow
78
Organic Pigments
78.1 Introduction
78.2 The Colour Index System
78.3 Pigment Selection
78.3.1 Organic Blues
78.3.1.1 Copper Phthalocyanine Blue
78.3.1.2 Miscellaneous Blues
78.3.2 Organic Greens
78.3.2.1 Copper Phthalocyanine Green
78.3.2.2 Miscellaneous Greens
78.3.3 Organic Oranges
78.3.3.1 Azo-Based Oranges
78.3.3.2 Benzamidazolone-Derived Oranges
78.3.3.3 Miscellaneous Oranges
78.3.4 Reds
78.3.4.1 Metallized Azo Reds
78.3.4.2 Nonmetallized Azo Reds
78.3.4.3 High Performance Reds
78.3.5 Organic Yellows
78.3.5.1 Monoarylide Yellows
78.3.5.2 Diarylide Yellows
78.3.5.3 Benzimidazolone Yellows
78.3.5.4 Heterocyclic Yellows
79
Amino Resins
79.1 Introduction
79.1.1 History
79.2 Amino Resin Synthesis and Background
79.2.1 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
79.2.2 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
79.2.2.1 Types of High-Solids Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
79.3 Coatings
79.3.1 Film Formation - Cross-Linking
79.3.2 Catalysts
79.3.2.1 Sulfonic Acid Catalysts
79.3.2.2 Paint Stability13
79.3.3 Automotive Coatings - Clear Coats
79.4 Other Amino Resins
79.5 Future Trends
References
80
Driers
References
81
Biocides for the Coatings Industry
81.1 Introduction
81.2 In-Can Preservatives
81.3 Dry-Film Preservatives
References
82
Clays
82.1 Kaolin
82.1.1 Manufacturing
82.1.2 Kaolin Categories
82.1.3 Benefits of Kaolin Use in Paints
82.1.4 Applications of Kaolin in Paints
82.2 Attapulgite
82.2.1 Dispersion
82.2.2 Application in Paints
82.3 Smectite
82.3.1 Organoclays
82.3.1.1 Dispersion
82.3.1.2 Application in Paints
References
83
Fluorocarbon Resins for Coatings and Inks
83.1 General
83.2 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Resins for Coatings
83.3 Fluorinated Ethylene Vinyl Ether (FEVE) Resins for Coatings
83.4 Fluorinated Acrylics
83.5 Other Fluorinated Resins for Coatings and Inks
Bibliography
84
High Temperature Pigments
84.1 Introduction
84.2 The Technology
84.2.1 Color Mechanism
84.2.2 Chemical Structure
84.2.3 Production Methods
84.3 Pigment Types
84.3.1 Rutile Pigments
84.3.2 Spinel Pigments
84.3.3 Zircon Stains
84.4 Pigment Properties
84.5 Typical Applications
84.5.1 Surface Coatings
84.5.2 Ceramics
84.5.2.1 Glaze Stains
84.5.2.2 Decorative Color
84.5.2.3 Decal Transfer Designs
84.5.3 Building Materials
84.5.4 Glass
84.5.5 Plastics
Bibliography
85
Polyurethane Associative Thickeners for Waterborne Coatings
85.1 Introduction
85.2 Chemical Structure and Thickening Mechanism
85.2.1 Structure
85.2.2 Thickening Mechanism
85.3 Flow Behavior and Related Properties Given by PEUPU Thickeners
85.4 Factors Affecting Thickener Efficiency
85.4.1 Influence of Cosolvents
85.4.2 Influence of Surfactants and Emulsion Stabilizers
85.4.3 Influence of Latex Particle Size
85.5 Delivery Form and Incorporation
85.6 Examples of Applications
85.7 Summary
References
IV
Surface Coatings
86
Flexographic Inks
86.1 Introduction
86.2 Process
86.3 Substrate
86.4 Vehicles
86.5 Colorants
86.6 Formulations
87
Multicolor Coatings
87.1 Introduction
87.2 Practice of the Art
87.2.1 Continuous Phase
87.2.2 Dispersed Phase
87.2.3 Combining Dispersed and Continuous Phases
References
88
Paintings Conservation Varnish
88.1 Introduction
88.2 Effect of Varnishes
88.3 Types of Varnishes
References
89
Thermoset Powder Coatings
89.1 Introduction
89.1.1 Powder Coatings Defined
89.1.2 The First Powder Coatings
89.1.3 Thermoset Beginnings
89.1.4 The Beginning of Growth
89.1.5 The World Discovers Powder Coatings
89.2 Processing and Equipment
89.2.1 Premixture
89.2.1.1 Premixers
89.2.2 Extrusion
89.2.2.1 Extruders
89.2.3 Grinding
89.2.3.1 Grinders
89.2.4 Sifting and Classifying
89.2.5 Application Equipment
89.3 Chemistry
89.3.1 Epoxy Systems
89.3.1.1 Epoxy-Phenols (Phenolic)
89.3.1.2 Epoxy-Dicyandiamide (DICY)
89.3.1.3 Epoxy-Polyester (Hybrid)
89.3.2 Polyester Systems
89.3.2.1 Polyester-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate (TGIC or Polyester)
89.3.2.2 Polyester-Isocyanate (Polyurethane)
89.3.2.3 Polyester-Non-TGIC (b-Hydroxyalkylamide, Tetramethoxymethyl Glycoluril)
89.3.3 Acrylic Systems
89.3.3.1 Acrylic-Isocyanate (Acrylic-Urethane)
89.3.3.2 Acrylic-Diacid (Glycidyl-Acrylic)
89.4 Formulation
89.4.1 Resin Systems
89.4.2 Pigments and Fillers
89.4.3 Additives12
89.4.3.1 Flow and Leveling
89.4.3.2 Debubbling (Degassing)
89.4.3.3 UV Inhibitors
89.4.3.4 Catalysts
89.5 End Uses
References
90
Peelable Medical Coatings
90.1 Introduction
90.2 Cold-Seal Coatings
90.3 Heat-Seal Coatings
91
Conductive Coatings
91.1 Introduction
91.2 Types of Conductive Coatings
91.2.1 Metallic
91.2.2 Filled Polymeric
91.2.3 Polymeric
91.2.4 Organometallic
91.3 Commercially Available Conductive Coatings
91.4 Applications
91.4.1 Shielding from Electromagnetic Interference
91.4.2 The Stealth
91.4.3 Miscellaneous
91.5 New Developments
References
92
Silicone Release Coatings
92.1 Introduction
92.2 Thermal-Cured Silicone Release Agents
92.3 Radiation-Curable Silicone Release Agents
92.4 The Future
References
93
Silicone Hard Coatings
93.1 Introduction
93.2 Substrates
93.3 Uses
93.4 Application of the Coating
93.5 Conclusions
94
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Adhesive Products
94.1 Introduction
94.2 Adhesives
94.3 Adhesive Properties
94.3.1 Tack
94.3.2 Peel Adhesion
94.3.3 Shear Resistance
94.3.4 Other Tests
94.3.5 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
94.4 Products
94.4.1 Tapes
94.4.2 Labels
94.4.3 Other Products
94.5 Processing
94.5.1 Coating
94.5.2 Drying
94.5.3 Slitting and Die-Cutting
References
95
Self-Seal Adhesives
95.1 Introduction
95.1.1 Adhesion and Cohesion
95.1.2 Seal Performance
95.2 Application Techniques
95.2.1 Handling
95.2.2 Procedures
96
Solgel Coatings
96.1 Introduction
96.2 The Solgel Process
96.3 Thin Film Applications
96.3.1 Optical Coatings
96.3.2 Electronic Coatings
96.3.3 Abrasion Coatings
96.3.4 Protective Coatings
96.3.5 Porous Coatings
96.3.6 Composites
96.4 Advantages
Bibliography
97
Radiation-Cured Coatings
97.1 Introduction
97.2 Equipment
97.2.1 Electron Beam
97.2.2 Ultraviolet Light
97.3 Chemistry
97.3.1 Photoinitiators
97.3.1.1 Free Radical Type
97.3.1.2 Cationic Type
97.3.1.3 Dual-Mechanism Curing
97.3.2 Formulation
97.3.2.1 Free Radical Systems
97.3.2.2 Cationic or Epoxy Systems
97.4 End Uses
References
98
Nonwoven Fabric Binders
98.1 Introduction
98.2 Binders
98.2.1 Latex
98.2.2 Fiber
98.2.2.1 Amorphous Homopolymer
98.2.2.2 Amorphous Copolymer
98.2.2.3 Crystalline Copolymer
98.2.2.4 Bicomponent Fiber
98.2.3 Powder
98.2.4 Netting
98.2.5 Film
98.2.6 Hot Melt
98.2.7 Solution
Bibliography
99
Fire-Retardant/Fire- Resistive Coatings
99.1 Conventional Paints
99.2 Fire-Retardant Paints
99.3 Fire-Retardation Mechanism
99.4 Fire-Resistive Intumescent Coatings
99.5 Miscellaneous Coatings
References
100
Leather Coatings
100.1 Introduction
100.2 Characteristics of Leather Coatings
100.2.1 Main Coating
100.2.2 Unpigmented Ground Coatings
100.2.3 Aqueous Pigmented Coatings
100.2.3.1 Acrylic and Diene Latexes
100.2.3.2 Casein
100.2.3.3 Wax Emulsions
100.2.3.4 Pigment Concentrates
100.2.3.5 Nitrocellulose-Based Compositions
100.2.3.6 Polyurethane Coating Compositions
100.3 Technology of Decoration of Skins of Large Hoofed Animals with Artificial Grain
100.4 Some Nonstandard Coating Applications
101
Metal Coatings
101.1 Metallizing
101.1.1 Liquid Metal Processes
101.1.1.1 Galvanizing
101.1.1.2 Flame/Plasma Spray
101.1.1.3 Other Liquid Metal Coatings
101.1.2 Solid Metal Processes
101.1.2.1 Sherrodizing
101.1.2.2 “Detaclad” Process
101.1.3 Vapor Processes
101.1.3.1 Vacuum Evaporation
101.1.3.2 Sputtering
101.1.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
101.1.4 Plating
101.1.4.1 Electroplating
101.1.4.2 Electroless Plating
101.2 Coating on Metals
101.2.1 Decoration
101.2.2 Protection
References
102
Corrosion and Its Control by Coatings
102.1 Introduction
102.1.1 Energy Transfer
102.1.2 The Electrochemical Nature of Corrosion
102.1.3 Electrode Reactions
102.1.4 Polarization
102.1.5 Electrode Film Breakdown and Depolarization
102.1.6 Passivation and Depassivation
102.1.7 Area Effects
102.2 Coatings
102.2.1 Corrosion Control by Coatings
102.2.2 Barrier Coatings
102.2.3 Inhibitive Coatings
102.2.4 Zinc-Rich Coatings
References
103
Marine Coatings Industry
Bibliography
104
Decorative Surface Protection Products
104.1 Introduction
104.2 History
104.3 Products
104.3.1 Primary Substrate or Base Sheet
104.3.2 Pigmented Coating for Decorative Printing
104.3.3 Release Paper
104.3.4 Release Coatings
104.3.5 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
104.4 Process of Manufacturing
104.4.1 Application of Release Coatings
104.4.2 Adhesive Coating Application Process
104.4.3 Finishing
104.5 Applications
References
105
Coated Fabrics for Protective Clothing
105.1 Introduction
105.2 Protection from What?
105.3 Coating Materials
105.3.1 Coating Types
105.3.2 Method of Application
105.3.3 Properties
105.3.3.1 Nonmetallic Coatings
105.3.3.2 Metallic Coatings
105.4 Markets and Standards
Bibliography
106
Coated Fabrics for Apparel Use: The Problem of Comfort
106.1 The Physiology of Heat Regulation
106.2 Vapor Permeability Requirements
106.2.1 Breathable Films
Bibliography
107
Architectural Fabrics
107.1 Introduction
107.2 Products
108
Gummed Tape
108.1 Introduction
108.2 Products
108.3 Manufacturing
109
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
109.1 Introduction
109.2 Attributes of a Transdermal System
109.2.1 Developing a Transdermal
109.2.2 Selecting Drug Candidate
109.3 Future Approaches to Transdermal Delivery Systems
110
Optical Fiber Coatings
110.1 Introduction and Background
110.1.1 Optical Waveguide Principles
110.2 Coating
110.2.1 Handleability
110.2.2 Coating Requirements
110.2.3 Composition of Fiber Coatings
References
111
Exterior Wood Finishes
111.1 Introduction
111.2 Exterior Substrates
111.2.1 Wood Properties and Weathering
111.2.2 Wood and Wood-Based Products
111.2.2.1 Lumber
111.2.2.2 Plywood
111.2.2.3 Reconstituted Wood Products
111.2.3 Water-Soluble Extractives
111.3 Exterior Finishes
111.3.1 Natural Weathering
111.3.2 Applied Finishes
111.3.2.1 Paints
111.3.2.2 Solid-Color Stains
111.3.2.3 Semitransparent Penetrating Stains
111.3.2.4 Water-Repellent Preservatives and Water Repellents
111.3.2.5 Oils and Varnishes
111.4 Summary
References
112
Pharmaceutical Tablet Coating
112.1 History
112.2 Reasons for Coating Tablets
112.3 Types of Coating
112.3.1 The Sugar-Coated Tablet
112.3.2 The Film-Coated Tablet
112.3.3 Compression Coating
Bibliography
113
Textiles for Coating
113.1 Yarns
113.2 Fabrics
113.2.1 Woven Fabrics
113.2.2 Knitted Fabrics
113.2.3 Nonwovens
113.2.3.1 Adhesive-Bonded Fabrics
113.2.3.2 Spunbonded Fabrics
113.2.3.3 Needlebonded (Needlepunched) Fabrics
113.2.3.4 Spunlaced Fabrics
113.2.3.5 Stitchbonded Fabrics
Bibliography
114
Nonwovens as Coating and Laminating Substrates
114.1 Introduction
114.2 Substrate Structures
114.2.1 Spunbonded Webs
114.2.2 Carded Unidirectional Webs
114.2.3 Carded, Cross-Lapped, Needlepunched Webs
114.2.4 Air-Lay Needlepunched Webs
114.2.5 Poromerics
114.2.6 Hydraulically Entangled Webs
114.2.7 Wet-Lay Mats
114.2.8 Stitchbonded Materials
114.3 End-Use Applications
114.3.1 Home Furnishings
114.3.1.1 Tablecloths
114.3.1.2 Upholstery
114.3.1.3 Draperies
114.3.2 Construction Uses
114.3.2.1 Vinyl Floor Tile Reinforcement
114.3.2.2 Roofing Membrane Substrate
114.3.3 Automotive: Landau Tops, Interior Paneling, and Car Seats
114.3.4 Consumer Products
114.3.4.1 Outer Garments, Handbags, and Luggage
114.3.4.2 Clothing Labels and Wash-and-Wear Labels
114.3.4.3 Footwear
114.3.5 Filtration: Microporous Membrane Substrates
114.3.6 Industrial Applications
114.3.6.1 Tape Base
114.3.6.2 Coated Papers
114.3.6.3 Flocked Fabric Substrate
114.3.6.4 Electrical Insulation
Bibliography
115
General Use of Inks and the Dyes Used to Make Them
115.1 Ink-Jet Inks
115.2 Marker Inks for Children
115.3 Writing Inks
115.4 Permanent Inks
115.5 Dyes Used in Permanent Ink Systems
115.6 Current and Future Aspects
116
Gravure Inks
116.1 Introduction
116.2 Process
116.3 Substrate
116.4 Vehicles
116.5 Colorants
116.6 Formulations
117
Artist’s Paints: Their Composition and History
118
Fade Resistance of Lithographic Inks - A New Path Forward: Real World Exposures in Florida and Arizona Compared to Accelerated Xenon Arc Exposures
118.1 Florida and Arizona Outdoor under Glass Exposures
118.1.1 Test Program
118.1.2 Effect of Seasonal Variation
118.1.3 Arizona Exposure
118.2 Accelerated Xenon Arc Exposures
118.2.1 Why Xenon Arc Testing?
118.2.2 The Test Program
118.2.3 Xenon Arc Test Results
118.2.4 Relative Humidity
118.2.5 Xenon Arc Exposure Compared to Florida Outdoor under Glass Exposure
118.3 Conclusions
Further Reading
Index
Back Cover